Wadatacce
- menene symbiosis
- Symbiosis: ma'ana bisa ga ƙamus na Priberam
- Nau'in symbiosis
- Mutualism
- Amincewa
- Parasitism
- misalai na symbiosis
- Mutualism
- Commensalism:
- Parasitism:
- symbiosis na mutane:
- endosymbiosis
A yanayi, duk kwayoyin halitta, ko dabbobi, tsirrai ko kwayoyin cuta, ƙirƙirar shaidu da kafa alaƙa tun daga 'yan gida daya zuwa mutane daban -daban. Za mu iya lura da alaƙa tsakanin mai farauta da abin da ya kama, iyaye da zuriyarsa, ko mu'amalar da ta wuce fahimtarmu.
Shin kun taɓa jin wani abu game da wannan kalmar? A cikin wannan labarin na Kwararrun Dabbobi, za mu yi bayanin komai game da shi symbiosis a ilmin halitta: ma'ana da misalai. Kada ku rasa shi!
menene symbiosis
Kalmar symbiosis a biology De Bary ya ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1879. Kalmar ce da ke bayyana zaman tare na halittu biyu ko fiye wadanda ba su da wata alaka ta kut -da -kut a cikin halittar jiki (dangi tsakanin jinsuna), wato ba su zama iri daya ba. Amfani na zamani na kalmar gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar ma'anar ma'anar magana alakar dake tsakanin rayayyun halittu guda biyu wadanda kwayoyin halitta ke amfana da su, ko da a cikin rabbai daban -daban.
Dole ne ƙungiya ta kasance na dindindin tsakanin wadannan mutane ba za su taba rabuwa da su ba. Kwayoyin da ke da alaƙa da juna ana kiransu "symbionts" kuma suna iya amfana da shi, su lalace ko kuma ba sa samun wani tasiri daga ƙungiyar.
A cikin waɗannan alaƙar, galibi yana faruwa cewa kwayoyin halittu ba su daidaita da girmansu kuma m a cikin phylogeny. Misali, alaƙar da ke tsakanin manyan dabbobi daban -daban da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko tsakanin tsirrai da ƙananan halittu, inda ƙwayoyin cuta ke rayuwa a cikin mutum.
Symbiosis: ma'ana bisa ga ƙamus na Priberam
Don nuna a taƙaice menene ma'anar magana, muna kuma ba da ma'anar Priberam [1]:
1. f. (Ilimin Halittu) Haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye daban waɗanda ke ba su damar rayuwa tare da fa'ida.
Nau'in symbiosis
Kafin mu ba da wasu misalai, yana da mahimmanci ku sani menene nau'ikan symbiosis data kasance:
Mutualism
A cikin daidaiton juna, bangarorin biyu amfana daga alakar. Koyaya, gwargwadon fa'idodin kowane fa'ida na iya bambanta kuma galibi yana da wahala a auna. Dole ne a yi la’akari da fa’idar da alamar magana ke samu daga ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa dangane da yawan kuɗin da yake kashe shi. Wataƙila babu misalin haɗin kai inda duka abokan haɗin gwiwa ke amfana daidai.
Amincewa
Abin sha’awa, an bayyana wannan kalmar shekaru uku kafin alamar magana. Muna kiran commensalism waɗancan alaƙa a cikin su daya daga cikin bangarorin yana samun fa'ida ba tare da ya cutar da wani ba. Muna amfani da kalmar commensalism a cikin mafi girman ma’anarsa, wanda fa’idar sa ɗaya ce kawai ga ɗaya daga cikin alamomin kuma yana iya zama abinci mai gina jiki ko kariya.
Parasitism
Parasitism shine alaƙar alaƙa a ciki daya daga cikin alamun yana amfanar da ɗayan. Abu na farko a cikin ɓarna shine abinci mai gina jiki, ko da yake wasu abubuwan na iya faruwa: ɓacin rai yana samun abincinsa daga jikin da yake rarrafe. Irin wannan alamar magana tana shafar mai gida ta hanyoyi daban -daban. Wasu parasites suna da cututtukan da ke haifar da cuta ba da daɗewa ba bayan shiga cikin rundunar. A cikin wasu ƙungiyoyi, symbionts sun haɓaka don kada mutuwar mai masaukin (kwayar da ke gurɓacewa) ta tsokani, kuma alaƙar alaƙar tana da daɗewa.
Haɗu da dabbobin daji 20 a cikin wannan labarin na PeritoAnimal.
misalai na symbiosis
wadannan wasu ne misalai na symbiosis:
Mutualism
- A symbiosis tsakanin algae da murjani: murjani dabbobi ne da ke girma da kyau a cikin kafofin watsa labarai marasa isasshen abinci saboda alaƙar su da algae. Waɗannan suna ba da abinci da iskar oxygen, yayin da murjani yana ba da algae tare da abubuwan da suka rage kamar nitrogen da nitrogen dioxide.
- Clownfish da teku anemone: tabbas kun ga wannan misalin a lokuta da yawa. Anemone na teku (dangin jellyfish) yana da wani abu mai kauri don gurɓata ganima. Kifin kifin yana amfana daga wannan alaƙar saboda yana samun kariya da abinci, yayin da yake fitar da anemone na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da datti, wanda shine fa'idar da suke samu.
Commensalism:
- Dangantaka tsakanin kifin azurfa da tururuwa: wannan kwari yana rayuwa tare da tururuwa, yana jiran su kawo abinci don ciyarwa. Wannan alaƙar, sabanin abin da za mu yi tunani, ba ta cutar da tururuwa ko fa'ida, tunda kifin azurfa yana cin ɗan adadin kayan abinci kawai.
- Gidan itace: daya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan commensalism shine wanda dabba ke neman mafaka a cikin rassan ko gindin bishiyoyi. Kayan lambu, gabaɗaya, baya samun wata cutarwa ko fa'ida a cikin wannan alaƙar.
Parasitism:
- Fleas da kare (misali parasitism): wannan misali ne da za mu iya sauƙaƙa lura da shi a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Fleas na amfani da kare a matsayin wurin zama da kiwo, baya ga ciyar da jininsa. Kare baya amfana da wannan alaƙar, akasin haka, ƙura na iya watsa cututtuka ga karnuka.
- Cuckoo (misali parasitism): cuckoo tsuntsu ne wanda ke gurbata gurbi na wasu nau'in. Lokacin da ya isa gida tare da ƙwai, ya kore su, ya sanya nasa ya bar. Lokacin da tsuntsayen da suka mallaki ƙwai masu ƙaura suka isa, ba sa lura kuma suna ƙirƙirar ƙwai na cuckoo.
symbiosis na mutane:
- Tsuntsu mai jagorar zuma da Masai: a Afirka, akwai tsuntsu wanda ke jagorantar Masai zuwa amya da aka ɓoye a cikin bishiyoyi. Mutane suna kora ƙudan zuma suna tattara zuma, suna barin tsuntsu kyauta ya ɗauki zumar ba tare da barazanar ƙudan zuma ba.
- Dangantaka da ƙwayoyin cuta: duka a cikin hanjin dan adam da cikin fata, akwai wasu kwayoyin cuta masu amfani da ke kare mu da taimaka mana mu kasance cikin koshin lafiya, idan babu su wanzuwarmu ba za ta yiwu ba.
endosymbiosis
DA ka'idar endosymbiosis, a takaice, yayi bayanin cewa haɗin kan sel biyu na prokaryotic (ƙwayoyin cuta, alal misali) ne ya haifar da chloroplasts (organelle da ke da alhakin photosynthesis a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka) da mitochondria (kwayoyin da ke da alhakin numfashin salula a tsirrai da dabbobin dabba).
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, nazarin symbiosis ya zama horon kimiyya kuma an yi jayayya cewa symbiosis ba wata dangantaka ce ta juyin halitta ba, amma tana iya bayyana kanta ta fuskoki da yawa, kamar commensalism ko parasitism. Tsayayyar haɗin kai a cikinta wanda gudummawar kowace ƙungiya ta ba da tabbacin makomar ta.
