Nau'in Amphibian - Halaye, Sunaye da Misalai

Mawallafi: Peter Berry
Ranar Halitta: 15 Yuli 2021
Sabuntawa: 14 Nuwamba 2024
Anonim
Nau'in Amphibian - Halaye, Sunaye da Misalai - Dabbobin Dabbobi
Nau'in Amphibian - Halaye, Sunaye da Misalai - Dabbobin Dabbobi

Wadatacce

Sunan amphibians (amphi-bios) ya fito daga Girkanci kuma yana nufin "duka biyun". Wancan ne saboda lokacin rayuwarsa yana wucewa tsakanin ruwa da ƙasa. Waɗannan baƙin halittu suna canza salon rayuwarsu da bayyanar su a duk lokacin ci gaban su. Yawancin su ba dare ba ne kuma guba ne. Wasu ma sukan taru don rera wakokin dare. Ba tare da wata shakka ba, suna ɗaya daga cikin dabbobi masu ban sha’awa masu ban sha’awa.

A halin yanzu, an bayyana nau'ikan halittu sama da 7,000, an rarraba kusan a duk faɗin duniya, sai dai a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Koyaya, saboda salon rayuwarsu ta musamman, sun fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi. Kuna so ku san waɗannan dabbobin sosai? Don haka kar a rasa wannan labarin PeritoAnimal game da daban -daban iri na amphibians, halayensu, sunaye da misalai m.


Menene dabbar daji?

Amphibians na yanzu (aji Amphibia) dabbobi ne tetrapod marasa amniote. Wannan yana nufin suna da kwarangwal na kasusuwa, suna da ƙafafu huɗu (saboda haka kalmar tetrapod) da sa ƙwai ba tare da murfin kariya ba. Saboda wannan gaskiyar ta ƙarshe, ƙwai su yana da matukar damuwa ga bushewa, kuma dole ne a sanya su cikin ruwa. Daga waɗannan ƙwai, tsutsotsi na ruwa ke fitowa wanda daga baya ake aiwatar da tsarin canji wanda aka sani da metamorphosis. Wannan shine yadda amphibians ke zama manya-manyan ƙasa. Kyakkyawan misali na wannan shine yanayin rayuwar kwaɗi.

Duk da rarrabuwar kawunansu, amphibians sun mamaye yawancin duniya kuma sun dace da su yanayi daban -daban da muhallinsu. A saboda wannan dalili, akwai nau'ikan amphibians da yawa masu bambancin gaske. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan keɓewa waɗanda ba su dace da ma'anar da muka gabatar a sama ba.


Halayen Amphibian

Saboda yawan bambancin su, yana da matukar wahala a nuna abin da iri daban -daban na dabbobin daji ke da su. Koyaya, mun tattara mahimman abubuwan sa, yana nuna waɗanne ke da keɓewa. Waɗannan su ne manyan halayen amphibians:

  • tetrapods: Ban da Cecilias, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da gabobin kafafu guda biyu waɗanda ke ƙare da ƙafafu. Paws yawanci suna da gidajen yanar gizo da yatsun kafa 4, kodayake akwai keɓancewa da yawa.
  • GAyana da hankali: Suna da fata mai kauri sosai, ba tare da sikeli ba kuma suna kula da bushewa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa yakamata koyaushe ya kasance danshi kuma a matsakaicin zafin jiki.
  • mai guba: Amphibians suna da gland a fatarsu wanda ke samar da abubuwa masu kariya. A saboda wannan dalili, fatar ku tana da guba idan an sha ko kuma ta taɓa idanun ku. Koyaya, yawancin nau'ikan ba sa barazana ga mutane.
  • numfashin fata: Yawancin masu ambaliyar ruwa suna shakar fata ta sabili da haka koyaushe suna riƙe da danshi. Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna haɓaka irin wannan numfashi tare da kasancewar huhu, wasu kuma suna da gills a duk rayuwarsu. Kuna iya ƙarin koyo game da wannan batun a cikin labarin akan inda kuma yadda masu amphibians suke numfashi.
  • Ectothermy: zafin jiki ya dogara da muhallin da ake samun masu ambaliyar ruwa. A saboda wannan dalili, ana yawan ganin su suna bacci.
  • haifuwar jima'i: dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da jinsi daban, wato akwai maza da mata. Dukansu jinsi suna yin aure don hadi ya faru, wanda zai iya kasancewa a ciki ko a waje da mace.
  • oviparous: mata suna saka ƙwai na ruwa tare da suturar gelatinous na bakin ciki. A saboda wannan dalili, amphibians sun dogara da kasancewar ruwa ko danshi don haifuwarsu. 'Yan tsirarun' yan amphibians sun saba da yanayin muhallin godiya saboda haɓaka viviparity, kuma waɗannan ba sa ƙwai.
  • ci gaban kai tsaye. Yayin ci gaban su, suna fuskantar metamorphosis wanda zai iya zama mafi rikitarwa ko complexasa, lokacin da suke samun halayen manya. Wasu masu ambaliyar ruwa suna nuna ci gaban kai tsaye kuma ba sa yin metamorphosis.
  • dare: Mafi yawan dabbobin daji sun fi yin aiki da dare, lokacin da suke farauta da kiwo. Duk da haka, yawancin jinsunan suna da rana.
  • Masu cin nama: dabbobi masu rarrafe sun kasance masu cin nama a cikin balagaggen yanayin su kuma suna cin abinci galibi akan dabbobi masu rarrafe. Duk da wannan, tsutsotsin su ciyayi ne kuma suna cin algae, tare da kaɗan.

Kamar yadda muka riga muka ambata, wani babban mahimmin sifa na amphibians shine cewa suna tafiya cikin tsarin canji wanda ake kira metamorphosis. A ƙasa, muna nuna hoton wakilci na metamorphosis na amphibian.


Ire -iren dabbobin daji da sunayensu

Akwai nau'ikan amphibians guda uku:

  • Cecilias ko apodas (yin oda Gymnophiona).
  • Salamanders da newts (oda Urodela).
  • Kwari da toads (oda Anura).

Cecilia ko Apoda (Gymnophiona)

Cecilias ko Apoda kusan nau'ikan 200 ne da aka rarraba a cikin gandun daji na Kudancin Amurka, Afirka da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Waɗannan su ne amphibians vermiform, wato, na elongated da siffar cylindrical. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan masu ambaliyar ruwa ba, Cecilias ba ta da ƙafafu kuma wasu suna da sikeli akan fatarsu.

wadannan dabbobi masu ban mamaki suna rayuwa binne a cikin ƙasa mai danshisaboda haka da yawa makafi ne. Ba kamar anuran ba, maza suna da gabobin da suka dace, don haka hadi yana faruwa a cikin mace. Sauran tsarin haihuwa ya bambanta da yawa a cikin kowane iyali har ma a cikin kowane nau'in.

Salamanders da Newts (Urodela)

Umurnin Urodelos ya ƙunshi kusan nau'ikan 650. Waɗannan dabbobin suna halin su da wutsiya a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, wato, larvae ba su rasa wutsiyarsu a lokacin metamorphosis. Har ila yau, kafafuwansa guda huɗu sun yi kama da tsayi sosai; saboda haka, suna motsawa ta hanyar tafiya ko hawa. Kamar caecilians, haɓakar ƙwai yana faruwa a cikin mace ta hanyar kwafi.

Rarraban gargajiya tsakanin salamanders da newts ba shi da ƙimar haraji. Koyaya, nau'in da ke da hanyar rayuwa ta ƙasa galibi ana kiransu salamanders. Yawancin lokaci suna zaune a cikin ƙasa mai danshi kuma kawai suna ƙaura zuwa ruwa don hayayyafa. A halin yanzu, sababbi suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a cikin ruwa.

Kwari da Toads (Anura)

Sunan "a-nuro" na nufin "mara wutsiya". Wannan saboda larvae na waɗannan amphibians, waɗanda aka sani da tadpoles, sun rasa wannan sashin yayin metamorphosis. Don haka, manyan kwadi da toads ba su da wutsiya. Wani fasali mai banbanci shine cewa ta kafafu na baya sun fi gaban kafafu, kuma suna motsawa ta hanyar tsalle. Sabanin sauran nau'ukan halittu masu rai, hadi da ƙwai yana faruwa a wajen mace.

Kamar yadda urodelos yake, bambance -bambancen da ke tsakanin toad da frog ba su dogara ne akan kwayoyin halittu da haraji ba, amma akan tsinkayar ɗan adam. Ƙwararrun kwaɗi da aka fi sani da toads, kuma galibi suna da ƙarin halaye na ƙasa, wanda ke sa fatar jikin su ta bushe kuma ta yi wrinkled. Kwadi, a gefe guda, dabbobi ne masu kyawu, ƙwararrun masu tsalle -tsalle kuma wani lokacin masu hawan dutse. Hanyar rayuwarsu galibi tana da alaƙa da yanayin ruwa.

Misalai na amphibians

A cikin wannan sashin, zamu nuna muku wasu misalai na amphibians. Musamman, mun zaɓi wasu daga cikin nau'ikan masu ban sha'awa. Ta wannan hanyar, zaku iya fahimtar ingantattun halaye masu canzawa waɗanda ke bayyana a cikin nau'ikan amphibians daban -daban.

  • Mexican Cecilia ko tkwantar da hankali (Dermophis mexicanus): wadannan caecilians suna viviparous. Amfrayoyin su na bunƙasa a cikin uwar har tsawon watanni. A can, suna ciyar da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ciki wanda uwa ke samarwa.
  • Cecilia-da-Koh-Tao (Ichthyophis kohtaoensis): shine cecilia na Thai wanda ke saka ƙwai a ƙasa. Ba kamar yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafewa ba, uwar tana kula da ƙwai har sai sun kyankyashe.
  • anphiumas (Amphiumaspp.): Waɗannan nau'ikan jinsuna uku ne masu tsayi sosai, cylindrical da vestigial-legged water amphibians. A. tridactylum yana da yatsu uku, A. yana nufin yana da biyu kuma A. mai watsa labarai mallaki guda ɗaya. Duk da bayyanar su, ba su caecilians bane amma urodelos.
  • Proteus (Proteus anguinus): wannan urodelo an daidaita shi don zama cikin duhun wasu kogon Turai. A saboda wannan dalili, manya ba su da idanu, fari ne ko ruwan hoda - kuma suna rayuwa cikin ruwa duk rayuwarsu. Bugu da ƙari, suna daɗaɗɗu, madaidaiciya-kai, kuma suna numfasawa ta gills.
  • Hakarkarin Salamander (walt pleurodeles): shine urodelo na Turai wanda zai iya kaiwa santimita 30 a tsayi. A gefen jikinsa, akwai jeren lemukan lemu wanda yayi daidai da gefen haƙarƙarinsa. Lokacin da suka ji barazana, suna haskaka su, suna barazanar masu son su.
  • Haƙƙara Mai Haushi (Trichobatrachus robustus): Duk da bayyanar su, kwaɗi masu ƙyalli ba su da gashi, amma suna shimfida fatar jijiyoyin jini. Suna hidima don ƙara girman sararin musayar gas don ƙarin iskar oxygen za a iya sha.
  • Tourin Surinan (cin kici): Wannan kwadi na Amazon yana halin kasancewa da jiki mara nauyi. Mace na da nau'in taru a bayansu, inda suke nutsewa da tarkon ƙwai a yayin da ake kwaɓewa. Daga waɗannan ƙwai ke fitowa ba tsutsa ba sai dai ƙwaɗi.
  • Tambayar Nimba (Nectophrynoidsoccidentalis). Mace ta haifi zuriya iri daya da babba. Haɓaka kai tsaye dabarun haihuwa ne wanda ke ba su damar kasancewa masu zaman kansu daga wuraren ruwa.

Abubuwan Amphibian

Yanzu da muka san kowane nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe, bari mu kalli wasu fasalulluka masu kayatarwa waɗanda ke bayyana a cikin wasu nau'in.

dabarar dabba

Yawancin masu amphibians suna da su launuka masu haske sosai. Suna hidima don sanar da masu son farauta game da dafin su. Waɗannan mafarautan suna nuna tsananin launi na amphibians a matsayin haɗari, don haka kar ku ci su. Don haka, duka biyun suna guje wa matsaloli.

Misali mai ban sha'awa sosai shine toads-bellied toads (Bombinatoridae). Waɗannan masu ambaliyar ruwa na Eurasia suna da halayen ɗaliban siffa na zuciya da ja, ruwan lemo ko ciki mai rawaya. Lokacin damuwa, suna juyawa ko nuna launin ƙasan ƙafafunsu, suna ɗaukar yanayin da aka sani da "unkenreflex". Ta wannan hanyar, masu farauta suna lura da launi kuma suna danganta shi da haɗari.

Mafi mashahuri sune kwararar kibiya (Dendrobatidae), kwaɗayi mai dafi da ƙyalli da ke zaune a yankuna masu ƙanƙanta. Kuna iya ƙarin koyo game da nau'in aposematic a cikin wannan labarin game da aposematism na dabbobi, gami da sauran nau'ikan masu amphibians.

paedomorphosis

Wasu urodels suna da paedomorphosis, wato, kiyaye halayen ƙuruciyarsu a matsayin manya. Wannan yana faruwa lokacin da ci gaban jiki ya ragu, don balaga ta jima'i ta bayyana lokacin da dabba har yanzu tana da tsutsa. An san wannan tsarin neoteny kuma shine abin da ke faruwa a cikin axolotl na Mexico (Ambystoma mexicanum) kuma a cikin Proteus (Proteus anguinus).

Pedamorphosis kuma na iya faruwa saboda hanzarin balagar jima'i. Ta wannan hanyar, dabbar tana samun ikon hayayyafa yayin da har yanzu tana da tsutsa. Yana da tsari wanda aka sani da tsinkaye kuma yana faruwa a cikin nau'in nau'in halittar Necturus, wanda ya mamaye Arewacin Amurka. Kamar axolotl, waɗannan urodels suna riƙe gutsayen su kuma suna rayuwa cikin ruwa na dindindin.

Dabbobin amphibians

Kimanin nau'in dabbobin amphibian 3,200 suna cikin haɗarin ɓacewa, wato, kusan rabin. Bugu da kari, an yi imanin cewa har yanzu ba a gano jinsuna sama da 1,000 da ke cikin hadari ba saboda karancinsu. Ofaya daga cikin manyan barazanar ga masu ambaliyar ruwa shine naman gwari na chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), wanda tuni ya kashe ɗaruruwan nau'in.

Saurin fadada wannan naman gwari yana faruwa ne saboda ayyukan mutane,, kamar dunkulewar duniya, fataucin dabbobi da 'yantar da dabbobi mara nauyi. Baya ga kasancewa masu cutar cututtuka, m amphibians da sauri sun zama nau'in ɓarna. Sau da yawa sun fi ɗabi'a fiye da nau'in halitta, kuma suna kore su daga yanayin muhallin su. Wannan lamari ne na ƙwaƙƙwaran dabbobin Afirka (Xenopus laevis) da American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus).

Don yin abubuwa mafi muni, da bacewar muhallansu, kamar gandun dajin ruwa da gandun daji, yana haifar da raguwar yawan mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin ruwa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda canjin yanayi, sare daji da lalata wuraren zama na ruwa kai tsaye.

Idan kuna son karanta ƙarin labarai makamantansu Nau'in Amphibian - Halaye, Sunaye da Misalai,, muna ba da shawarar cewa ku shiga ɓangaren Curiosities na duniyar dabbobi.