Dabbobi masu rarrafe - Ma'ana, misalai da halaye

Wadatacce

• menene transgenesis
• Menene dabbobi masu rarrafewa
• Transgenesis ta microinjection na zygotes
• Juyin halitta ta hanyar magudanar ƙwayoyin mahaifa
• Juyin halitta ta hanyar canjin sel somatic da canja wurin nukiliya ko cloning
• Misalan dabbobin daji
• Dabbobi masu rarrafewa: fa'idodi da rashin amfani
• Amfanin
• Hasara

Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a ci gaban kimiyya shine yuwuwar clone dabbobi. Akwai yuwuwar damar amfani da magani da fasahar kere -kere, saboda an kawar da cututtuka da yawa godiya ga waɗannan dabbobin. Amma menene ainihin su? Menene alfanu da rashin amfanin sa?

A cikin wannan labarin ta PeritoAnimal, munyi bayani menene dabbobi masu rarrafewa, abin da fassarar ya ƙunshi, kuma ya nuna misalai da halaye na wasu sanannun dabbobi masu rarrafewa.

menene transgenesis

Transgenesis shine hanyar da ta dace bayanan kwayar halitta (DNA ko RNA) an canza su daga wata kwayar halitta zuwa wani, tana juyar da na biyu, da dukkan zuri'arta, zuwa kwayoyin halittu. Ba a canja cikakken kayan halittar kwayoyin halitta ba, guda ɗaya ko fiye ne kawai aka zaɓa, aka fitar da su kuma aka ware su.

Menene dabbobi masu rarrafewa

Dabbobi masu rarrafewa sune waɗanda wasu halaye ke cikin su asalin halitta wanda aka canza, wanda ya sha bamban da haɓakar asexual tsakanin dabbobi, wanda kuma ake kira haifuwar clonal.

A ka’ida, duk rayayyun halittu, sabili da haka duk dabbobi, ana iya sarrafa su ta asali. Adabin kimiyya ya rubuta yadda ake amfani da dabbobi kamar tumaki, awaki, aladu, shanu, zomaye, bera, bera, kifi, kwari, kwari da ma mutane. Amma da linzamin kwamfuta ita ce dabba ta farko da aka yi amfani da ita, kuma a cikinta duk fasahohin da aka gwada sun yi nasara.

Amfani da beraye ya zama ruwan dare musamman saboda yana da sauƙin shigar da sabon bayanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel ɗin su, waɗannan kwayoyin halittar ana iya sauƙaƙe su ga zuriya, kuma suna da gajeriyar raƙuman rayuwa da ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaramar dabba ce, mai sauƙin sarrafawa kuma ba ta da damuwa sosai, idan aka yi la’akari da lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. A ƙarshe, kwayar halittarku tayi kama sosai ga mutane.

Akwai dabaru da yawa don samar da dabbobin daji:

Transgenesis ta microinjection na zygotes

Amfani da wannan dabarar, superovulation ana fara haifar da ita a cikin mace, ta hanyar maganin hormonal.Sannan, da hadi, wanda zai iya zama in vitro ko in vivo. Daga nan sai a tattara ƙwai masu taki kuma a ware su. Anan kashi na farko na dabara ya ƙare.

A mataki na biyu, zygotes (sel da ke haifar da haɗin ƙwai tare da maniyyi ta halitta ko ta hanyar hadi in vitro ko in vivo) karba a microinjection tare da bayani mai ɗauke da DNA da muke son ƙarawa zuwa kwayar halitta.

Sannan, waɗannan zygotes waɗanda aka riga aka sarrafa su an sake shigar da su cikin mahaifa na mahaifiyar, don ɗaukar ciki a cikin yanayin yanayi. A ƙarshe, da zarar ƙwararrun sun girma kuma an yaye su, to tabbatar ko sun saka transgene (DNA na waje) a cikin kwayar halittar su.

Juyin halitta ta hanyar magudanar ƙwayoyin mahaifa

A cikin wannan dabara, maimakon amfani da zygotes, ana gabatar da transgene cikin ƙwayoyin sel. Ana cire waɗannan sel daga fashewa mai tasowa (matakin ci gaban amfrayo wanda ke nuna sel guda ɗaya na sel) kuma an sanya su a cikin maganin da ke hana sel rarrabuwa da kasancewa a matsayin sel masu ƙarfi. Bayan haka, an gabatar da DNA na ƙasashen waje, an sake dasa ƙwayoyin a cikin blastula, kuma an sake shigar da wannan cikin mahaifa.

Zuriyar da kuka samu da wannan dabarar ita ce chimera, wanda ke nufin cewa wasu sel a jikinku za su bayyana kwayar halitta wasu kuma ba za su bayyana ba. Misali, da "ovegoat", chimerism tsakanin tumaki da akuya, dabba ce da ke da sassan jiki da furfura da sauran sassan da ulu. Ta hanyar ƙetare chimeras, ana samun daidaikun mutane waɗanda za su sami transgene a cikin layin ƙwayoyin su, wato, a cikin ƙwai ko maniyyi.

Juyin halitta ta hanyar canjin sel somatic da canja wurin nukiliya ko cloning

Cloning ya ƙunshi cirewa sel na amfrayo na blastula, noma su a cikin vitro sannan a saka su a cikin oocyte (kwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta mata) wanda aka cire tsakiya. Don haka suna haɗewa ta wannan hanyar oocyte ya juya zuwa kwai, da ke cikin kwayar halittar kwayoyin halittar tantanin mahaifa na asali, da ci gaba da haɓakawa azaman zygote.

Misalan dabbobin daji

A cikin shekaru 70 da suka gabata, an gudanar da jerin bincike da gwaje -gwaje don samun dabbobin da aka gyara su. Koyaya, duk da babban sanannen tumakin Dolly, ba ita ce dabba ta farko da aka rufe ta a duniya ba transgenics na dabbobi. Duba wasu misalai na sanannun dabbobi masu rarrafewa a ƙasa:

• Kurakurai: a shekarar 1952 aka yi ta cloning na farko a tarihi. Shi ne tushen cloning tumakin.
• DA dolly tumaki. An rufe Dolly a cikin 1996.
• Shanun Noto da Kaga: an rufe su a Japan dubunnan lokuta, a zaman wani ɓangare na aikin da ya nema inganta inganci da yawan nama don amfanin ɗan adam.
• Akuya na Mira: wannan bunƙasar akuya a 1998, shi ne magabacin shanu iya samar da magunguna masu amfani ga mutane a jikin ku.
• Momblon Ombretta: dabbar da aka fara rufewa don ajiye nau'in da ke cikin haɗari.
• Kwafin kwafin: a cikin 2001, kamfanin Genetic Savings & Clone ya rufe kyanwa da gida ƙare tallace -tallace.
• Birai na Zhong Zhong da Hua Hua: na farko cloned primates tare da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin tumakin Dolly, a cikin 2017.

Dabbobi masu rarrafewa: fa'idodi da rashin amfani

A halin yanzu, transgenesis shine batu mai jayayya, kuma wannan takaddama ta fito ne musamman daga rashin bayanai game da menene transgenesis, menene amfanin sa, da abin da doka ta tsara dabara da amfani da dabbobin gwaji.

A cikin ƙasashe daban -daban na duniya, ana sarrafa ƙoshin lafiya ta wasu takamaiman dokoki, hanyoyin ko umarni. A Brazil, dokar kare lafiyar halittu tana hulɗa musamman da DNA ko fasahar RNA.

Dokar 8974, na 5 ga Janairu, 1995, Dokar 1752, na 20 ga Disamba, 1995, da Mataki na ɗan lokaci 2191-9, na 23 ga Agusta, 2001^[1], kafa ƙa'idodin aminci da hanyoyin dubawa a cikin amfani da dabarun injiniyan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin gini, noma, sarrafawa, sufuri, talla, amfani, saki da zubar da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara (GMO), da nufin kare rayuwa da lafiyar ɗan adam, dabbobi da tsirrai, da mahalli.^[2]

Daga cikin fa'idodi da rashin amfanin da aka samu tare da amfani da dabbobin daji, mun sami masu zuwa:

Amfanin

• Inganta bincike, daga mahangar ilimin kwayoyin halitta.
• Amfanoni ga samar da dabbobi da lafiya.
• Ci gaban karatun cututtuka a cikin dabbobi da mutane, kamar ciwon daji.
• Samar da magunguna.
• Ba da gudummawar ƙungiya da nama.
• Ƙirƙiri bankunan halittu don hana gushewar jinsuna.

Hasara

• Ta hanyar canza nau'in jinsin da aka rigaya, za mu iya jefa nau'in 'yan asalin cikin haɗari.
• Bayyanar sabbin sunadarai waɗanda ba su wanzu a baya a cikin dabbar da aka bayar na iya haifar da bayyanar rashin lafiyan.
• Inda a cikin kwayar halitta za a sanya sabon kwayar halittar ba za a iya tantancewa ba a wasu lokuta, don haka sakamakon da ake tsammanin zai iya yin kuskure.
• Ana amfani da dabbobi masu rai, don haka yana da mahimmanci a gudanar da bita na da'a da sanin yadda sabon gwajin zai kasance sabo da dacewa.

Idan kuna son karanta ƙarin labarai makamantansu Dabbobi masu rarrafe - Ma'ana, misalai da halaye,, muna ba da shawarar cewa ku shiga ɓangaren Curiosities na duniyar dabbobi.