Ire -iren Dinosaurs na Dabbobi

Mawallafi: Peter Berry
Ranar Halitta: 12 Yuli 2021
Sabuntawa: 14 Nuwamba 2024
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Wadatacce

Kalmar "dinosaur"ya fito ne daga Latin kuma ilimin neologism ne wanda masanin burbushin halittu Richard Owen ya fara amfani da shi, haɗe da kalmomin Helenanci"deinos"(mummunan) kuma"sauros"(lizard), don haka ma'anarta ta zahiri zata kasance"mummunan lizardSunan yayi daidai da safar hannu lokacin da muke tunanin Jurassic Park, ko ba haka ba?

Waɗannan ƙanƙara sun mamaye duk duniya kuma sun kasance a saman sarkar abinci, inda suka kasance na dogon lokaci, har zuwa ɓarna mai yawa da ta faru a duniyar sama da shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata.[1]. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da waɗannan manyan saurians da suka mamaye duniyarmu, kun sami labarin da ya dace ta PeritoAnimal, za mu nuna muku nau'ikan dinosaurs na herbivorous mafi mahimmanci, kazalika da naka sunaye, fasali da hotuna. Ci gaba da karatu!


Zamanin Mesozoic: Zamanin Dinosaurs

Mamaye na dinosaurs masu cin nama da ciyawa sun wuce shekaru miliyan 170 kuma sun fara yawancin Zamanin Mesozoic, wanda ke tsakanin shekaru miliyan -252.2 zuwa shekaru miliyan 66.0. Mesozoic ya kasance sama da shekaru miliyan 186.2 kuma ya ƙunshi lokaci uku.

Lokacin Mesozoic Uku

  1. Lokacin Triassic (tsakanin -252.17 zuwa 201.3 MA) lokaci ne wanda ya kusan shekaru miliyan 50.9. A wannan lokacin ne dinosaur suka fara haɓaka. An sake raba Triassic zuwa lokaci uku (Lower, Middle and Upper Triassic) waɗanda kuma aka raba su zuwa matakan stratigraphic bakwai.
  2. Lokacin Jurassic (tsakanin 201.3 zuwa 145.0 MA) kuma ya ƙunshi lokutan uku (ƙananan, tsakiya da babba Jurassic). Babban Jurassic ya kasu kashi uku, tsakiyar Jurassic zuwa matakai huɗu kuma na ƙasa zuwa matakai huɗu ma.
  3. Lokacin Cretaceous (tsakanin 145.0 zuwa 66.0 MA) shine lokacin da ke nuna bacewar dinosaurs da ammonites (cephalopod molluscs) da ke zaune a duniya a lokacin. Koyaya, menene ainihin ya ƙare rayuwar dinosaur? Akwai manyan ka’idoji guda biyu game da abin da ya faru: lokacin aikin dutsen wuta da tasirin tauraron dan adam a doron kasa[1]. A kowane hali, an yi imanin cewa girgijen ƙura da yawa sun rufe duniya wanda zai rufe sararin samaniya kuma ya rage zafin zafin duniya, har ma ya ƙare rayuwar dinosaur. An raba wannan madaidaicin lokaci zuwa biyu, Lower Cretaceous da Upper Cretaceous. Hakanan, an raba waɗannan lokutan biyu zuwa matakai shida kowannensu. Ƙara koyo game da halakar dinosaurs a cikin wannan labarin wanda ke bayanin yadda dinosaurs suka ɓace.

5 abubuwan ban sha'awa game da zamanin Mesozoic wanda yakamata ku sani

Yanzu da kuka kasance kanku a wancan lokacin, kuna iya sha'awar ƙarin sani game da Mesozoic, lokacin da waɗannan manyan saurians suka rayu, don ƙarin koyo game da tarihin su:


  1. A lokacin, nahiyoyi ba kamar yadda muka san su ba a yau. Ƙasar ta kafa nahiya ɗaya da aka sani da "pangaLokacin da Triassic ya fara, an raba Pangea zuwa nahiyoyi biyu: "Laurasia" da "Gondwana". Laurasia ta kafa Arewacin Amurka da Eurasia kuma, bi da bi, Gondwana ta kafa Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, Australia da Antarctica. Duk wannan ya faru ne saboda tsananin aikin volcanic.
  2. Sauyin yanayi na zamanin Mesozoic ya bambanta da kamanceceniya. Nazarin burbushin halittu ya nuna cewa an raba saman duniya zuwa kuna da shiyyoyin yanayi daban -daban: sandunan, waɗanda ke da dusar ƙanƙara, ƙananan ciyayi da ƙasashe masu tuddai da ƙarin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa.
  3. Wannan lokacin yana ƙarewa tare da yawan iskar carbon dioxide, abin da ke alamta juyin halittar muhalli na duniya gaba ɗaya. Tsire -tsire sun zama marasa daɗi, yayin da cycads da conifers suka bazu. Daidai saboda wannan dalili, an kuma san shi da "Shekaru na Cycads’.
  4. Zamanin Mesozoic yana bayyana da bayyanar dinosaur, amma shin kun san cewa tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa suma sun fara haɓaka a wancan lokacin? Gaskiya ne! A wancan lokacin, magabatan wasu dabbobin da muka sani a yau sun wanzu kuma dinosaurs masu cin nama sun ɗauke su abinci.
  5. Kuna iya tunanin Jurassic Park na iya wanzu da gaske? Kodayake yawancin masana kimiyyar halittu da yan koyo sun yi hasashe game da wannan taron, gaskiyar ita ce binciken da aka buga a The Royal Society Publishing ya nuna cewa bai dace ba don nemo kayan halittar da ba a cika samu ba, saboda dalilai daban -daban kamar yanayin muhalli, zazzabi, sunadarai na ƙasa ko shekara na mutuwar dabbar, wanda ke haifar da lalata da lalacewar tarkacen DNA. Za a iya yin shi ne kawai tare da burbushin da aka adana a cikin daskararre wanda bai wuce shekaru miliyan ba.

Ƙara koyo game da nau'ikan dinosaurs da suka wanzu a cikin wannan labarin.


Misalai na Dinosaurs na herbivorous

Lokaci ya yi da za mu sadu da ainihin jarumai: dinosaur na herbivorous. Waɗannan dinosaurs suna ciyar da tsire -tsire da ganye kawai, tare da ganye a matsayin babban abincin su. An raba su gida biyu, “sauropods”, wadanda suka yi tafiya ta amfani da gabobi hudu, da “ornithopods”, wadanda suka koma gabobi biyu daga baya suka rikide zuwa wasu nau’o’in rayuwa. Gano cikakken jerin sunayen dinosaur na herbivorous, ƙanana da babba:

Sunayen Dinosaur na herbivorous

  • brachiosaurus
  • Diplodocus
  • Stegosaurus
  • Triceratops
  • Protoceratops
  • Patagotitan
  • apatosaurus
  • Camarasurus
  • brontosaurus
  • Cetiosaurus
  • Styracosaurus
  • dicraeosaurus
  • Gigantspinosaurus
  • Lusanci
  • Mamenchisaurus
  • Stegosaurus
  • Spinophorosaurus
  • Corythosaurus
  • dacentrurus
  • Ankylosaurus
  • Gallimimus
  • Parasaurolophus
  • Euoplocephalus
  • Pachycephalosaurus
  • Shantungosaurus

Kun riga kun san wasu daga cikin sunayen manyan dinosaur da ke zaune a duniyar sama da shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata. Kuna son ƙarin sani? Ci gaba da karatu saboda za mu gabatar muku da ƙarin bayani, 6 herinovorous dinosaur tare da sunaye da hotuna don haka zaku iya koyan gane su. Hakanan zamuyi bayanin fasali da wasu abubuwan nishaɗi game da kowannensu.

1. Brachiosaurus (Brachiosaurus)

Za mu fara da gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan wakilan dinosaurs na herbivorous da suka taɓa rayuwa, Brachiosaurus. Gano wasu cikakkun bayanai game da asalin sa da halayen sa:

Brachiosaurus Etymology

Sunan brachiosaurus Elmer Samuel Riggs ne ya kafa shi daga tsoffin kalmomin Girkanci "brachion"(hannu) da"saurus"(lizard), wanda za'a iya fassara shi da"hannu kadangareWani nau'in dinosaur ne na rukunin sauropods saurischia.

Waɗannan dinosaurs sun zauna a cikin ƙasa na tsawon lokaci biyu, daga ƙarshen Jurassic zuwa tsakiyar Cretaceous, daga 161 zuwa 145 AD Brachiosaurus yana ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran dinosaur, don haka yana bayyana a cikin fina-finai kamar Jurassic Park kuma don kyakkyawan dalili: ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan dinosaur herbivorous.

Halayen Brachiosaurus

Brachiosaurus wataƙila ɗayan manyan dabbobin ƙasa ne da suka taɓa rayuwa a doron ƙasa. yi game Tsawon mita 26, Tsawon mita 12 kuma yayi nauyi tsakanin tan 32 zuwa 50. Tana da wuyan wuya na musamman, wanda ya ƙunshi kashin baya 12, kowannensu ya kai santimita 70.

Daidai wannan cikakken bayanin yanayin halittar ne ya haifar da zazzafar tattaunawa tsakanin kwararru, kamar yadda wasu ke iƙirarin cewa ba zai iya riƙe dogon wuyan sa madaidaiciya ba, saboda ƙananan raunin jijiyoyin da yake da su. Hakanan, dole ne hawan jininka ya zama mai girma musamman don samun damar bugun jini zuwa kwakwalwarka. Jikinsa ya ba da damar wuyansa ya motsa hagu da dama, da sama da ƙasa, yana ba shi tsayin ginin bene mai hawa huɗu.

Brachiosaurus dinosaur ne mai ciyawa wanda ake tsammanin yana ciyar da saman cycads, conifers da ferns.Ya kasance mai yawan cin abinci, saboda dole ne ya ci kusan kilogram 1,500 na abinci a rana don kiyaye matakin kuzarinsa. Ana zargin cewa wannan dabbar tana da haɗin kai kuma tana tafiya cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, yana ba wa manya damar kare ƙananan dabbobi daga manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe irin su yanayin yanayi.

2. Diplodocus (Diplodocus)

Biyo labarinmu akan dinosaurs na herbivorous tare da sunaye da hotuna, muna gabatar da Diplodocus, ɗayan mafi yawan wakilan dinosaurs na herbivorous:

Etymology na Diplodocus

Othniel Charles Marsh a 1878 mai suna Diplodocus bayan lura da kasusuwan da ake kira "hemaic arches" ko "chevron". Waɗannan ƙananan ƙasusuwan sun ba da damar ƙirƙirar doguwar ƙashi a ƙasan jela. A zahiri, yana da suna ga wannan fasalin, kamar yadda sunan diplodocus shine neologism na Latin wanda aka samo daga Girkanci, "diploos" (ninki biyu) da "dokos" (katako). A wasu kalmomin, "katako biyuDaga baya an gano waɗannan ƙananan ƙasusuwan a wasu dinosaurs, duk da haka, ƙayyadaddun sunan ya kasance har zuwa yau.

Siffofin Diplodocus

Diplodocus wata babbar halitta ce mai kafafu huɗu tare da doguwar wuyanta wacce ke da sauƙin ganewa, musamman saboda doguwar wutsiyarta mai sifar bulala. Ƙafafun gabansa sun yi ɗan gajarta fiye da na baya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa, daga nesa, yana iya zama kamar wata gada mai dakatarwa. yi game Tsawon mita 35.

Diplodocus yana da ƙaramin kai dangane da girman jikinsa wanda ya ɗora a kan wuyan da ya fi mita 6 tsayi, wanda ya ƙunshi kasusuwa 15. Yanzu an kiyasta cewa dole ne a ajiye shi daidai da ƙasa, saboda ba ta iya kiyaye ta sosai.

nauyinsa ya kasance kimanin 30 zuwa 50 ton, wanda wani bangare ne saboda girman jelarsa, wanda ya ƙunshi vertebrae 80, wanda ya ba shi damar daidaita daidaiton wuyanta. Diplodoco kawai yana ciyar da ciyawa, ƙananan bishiyoyi da ganyen bishiya.

3. Stegosaurus (Stegosaurus)

Lokaci ne na Stegosaurus, ɗayan mafi kyawun dinosaurs na herbivorous, galibi saboda kyawawan halaye na zahiri.

Stegosaurus Etymology

Sunan StegosaurusOthniel Charles Marsh ne ya ba shi a cikin 1877 kuma ya fito daga kalmomin Helenanci "stegos"(rufi) da"sauros"(lizard) domin ma'anarta ta zahiri zata kasance"rufe lizard"ko kuma"lizard rufin". Marsh zai kuma kira stegosaurus"armatus"(dauke da makamai), wanda zai kara wani ma'ana ga sunansa, kasancewarsa"lizard sulke ƙadangareWannan dinosaur ya rayu 155 AD kuma zai zauna a cikin ƙasashen Amurka da Fotigal a lokacin Upper Jurassic.

Halayen Stegosaurus

stegosaurus ya kasance Tsawon mita 9, tsayin mita 4 kuma nauyinsa ya kai tan 6. Yana ɗaya daga cikin dinosaurs na herbivorous herbivorous yara, da sauƙin ganewa saboda godiyarsa layuka biyu na faranti na kashi wannan kwance tare da kashin ku. Bugu da ƙari, jelarsa tana da faranti biyu na kariya kusan 60 cm tsayi. Waɗannan faranti na kasusuwa na musamman ba kawai suna da amfani a matsayin kariya ba, an kiyasta cewa su ma sun taka rawa wajen daidaita jikin ku zuwa yanayin yanayin yanayi.

Stegosaurus yana da ƙafar gabansa guda biyu ya fi guntu fiye da baya, wanda ya ba shi tsarin jiki na musamman, yana nuna kwanyar da ke kusa da ƙasa fiye da wutsiya. Akwai kuma a irin "baki" yana da ƙananan hakora, waɗanda ke bayan ramin baki, masu amfani ga tauna.

4. Triceratops (Triceratops)

Shin kuna son ci gaba da koyo game da misalan dinosaur na herbivorous? Ƙara koyo game da Triceratops, wani sanannen ɗan fashi da ya zauna a cikin ƙasa wanda kuma ya shaida ɗayan mahimman lokutan Mesozoic:

Triceratops Etymology

Ajalin Triceratops ya zo daga kalmomin Girkanci "tri"(uku)"keras"(kaho) kuma"ku"(fuska), amma sunansa a zahiri yana nufin wani abu kamar"shugaban gudumaTriceratops sun rayu a lokacin Marigayi Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous, AD 68 zuwa 66, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Arewacin Amurka. Yana daya daga cikin dinosaur din da dandana bacewar wannan nau'in. Hakanan yana daya daga cikin dinosaurs da suka rayu tare da Tyrannosaurus Rex, wanda ya kasance ganima. Bayan gano burbushin burbushin guda 47 ko wani bangare, za mu iya tabbatar muku da cewa yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan halittu a Arewacin Amurka a wannan lokacin.

Siffofin Triceratops

An yi imani cewa Triceratops yana tsakanin Tsawon mita 7 da 10, tsakanin mita 3.5 zuwa 4 kuma yayi nauyi tsakanin tan 5 zuwa 10. Mafi kyawun fasalin Triceratops babu shakka babban kwanyar sa, wanda ake ɗauka shine mafi girman kwanyar duk dabbobin ƙasa. Ya yi girma sosai har ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsawon dabbar.

Hakanan ya kasance mai sauƙin ganewa saboda godiyarsa ƙahoni uku, ɗaya a kan guntun kuma ɗaya sama da kowane ido. Mafi girma na iya auna har zuwa mita ɗaya. A ƙarshe, ya kamata a lura cewa fatar Triceratops ta bambanta da fatar sauran dinosaurs, kamar yadda wasu binciken ke nuna cewa da alama ta kasance rufe da Jawo.

5. Protoceratops

Protoceratops yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan dinosaurs na ciyayi da muke nunawa a cikin wannan jerin kuma asalinsa yana cikin Asiya. Ƙara koyo game da shi:

Etymology na Protoceratops

Sunan Protoceratops ya fito ne daga Girkanci kuma an kafa shi da kalmomin "proto"(na farko),"shirin"(horns) da"ku"(fuska), saboda haka yana nufin"kai mai kaho na farkoWannan dinosaur ya zauna a cikin ƙasa tsakanin AD 84 zuwa 72, musamman ƙasashen Mongoliya na yanzu da China. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin dinosaurs masu ƙaho kuma wataƙila kakan wasu da yawa ne.

A cikin 1971 an gano burbushin sabon abu a Mongoliya: Velociraptor wanda ya rungumi Protoceratops. Ka'idar da ke bayan wannan matsayin ita ce wataƙila duka biyun sun mutu suna yaƙi lokacin da iska mai ƙarfi ko ƙura ta fado musu. A cikin 1922, balaguro zuwa Desert Gobie ya gano gidajen Protoceratops, qwai dinosaur na farko da aka samo.

Kimanin ƙwai talatin aka samu a cikin ɗayan nests, wanda ke jagorantar mu muyi imani cewa mata da yawa ne suka raba wannan gida. An kuma sami wasu gida -gida a kusa, wanda da alama yana nuna cewa waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa cikin ƙungiyoyin gida ɗaya ko wataƙila a cikin ƙananan garke. Da zarar ƙwai ya ƙyanƙyashe, kada kajin ya auna tsawon santimita 30. Mata manya za su kawo abinci su kare matasa har sai sun isa su yi wa kansu hidima. Magajin garin Adrienne, masanin tarihin mutane, ya yi mamakin idan gano waɗannan kwanyar a baya ba zai haifar da ƙirƙirar "griffins" ba, halittu na almara.

Bayyanar da Ikon Protoceratops

Protoceratops ba su da kyakkyawan ƙaho, kawai a ƙaramin ƙashi a bakin. Ba babban dinosaur bane kamar yadda yake Tsawon mita 2, amma yayi nauyin kilo 150.

6. Patagotitan Mayorum

Patagotitan Mayorum wani nau'in sauropod ne wanda aka gano a Argentina a cikin 2014, kuma ya kasance babban dinosaur na ciyayi:

Etymology na Patagotitan Mayorum

Patagotitan ya kasance kwanan nan aka gano kuma yana daya daga cikin sanannun dinosaurs. Cikakken sunanka Patagotian Mayorum, amma menene ma'anar hakan? Patagotian yana fitowa daga "tafiya"(yana nufin Patagonia, yankin da aka samo burbushinsa) yana daga "Titan"(daga tatsuniyoyin Girkanci). A gefe guda, Mayorum yana ba da yabo ga dangin Mayo, masu gonar La Flecha da ƙasashen da aka gano abubuwan. A cewar binciken, Patagotitan Mayorum ya rayu tsakanin shekaru miliyan 95 zuwa 100 a cikin wanda a lokacin yankin gandun daji ne.

Siffofin Patagotitan Mayorum

Kamar yadda aka gano burbushin halittar Patagotitan Mayorum guda ɗaya kawai, lambobin da ke ciki ƙididdiga ne kawai. Koyaya, masana sun yi hasashen cewa zai auna kusan Tsawon mita 37 kuma wannan ya auna kusan 69 tan. Ba a ba da sunansa na titan a banza ba, Patagotitan Mayorum ba zai zama komai ba face mafi girma kuma mafi girma wanda ya taɓa taka ƙafa a ƙasa ta duniya.

Mun san dinosaur ne mai yawan ciyayi, amma a halin yanzu Patagotitan Mayorum bai bayyana duk sirrinsa ba. Paleontology kimiyya ce da aka ƙirƙira a cikin tabbas na rashin tabbas saboda abubuwan bincike da sabbin shaidu suna jiran a yi burbushin su a kusurwar dutse ko gefen dutsen da za a tono a wani lokaci nan gaba.

Halaye na Dinosaur na herbivorous

Za mu ƙare tare da wasu fasalulluka masu ban mamaki waɗanda wasu daga cikin dinosaurs na herbivorous da kuka haɗu a jerinmu:

Ciyar da dinosaur na herbivorous

Abincin dinosaurs ya dogara ne akan ganye mai laushi, haushi da reshe, kamar yadda a lokacin Mesozoic babu 'ya'yan itacen nama, furanni ko ciyawa. A wancan lokacin, fauna na yau da kullun shine ferns, conifers da cycads, yawancin su manyan, tare da tsayi sama da santimita 30.

Hakoran dinosaurs na herbivorous

Siffar da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba ta dinosaurs na ciyayi shine haƙoransu, waɗanda, sabanin masu cin nama, sun fi kama. Suna da manyan hakora na gaba ko baki don yanke ganye, da kuma hakora masu baya don cinye su, kamar yadda aka yarda cewa sun tauna su, kamar yadda dabbobi masu shaye -shaye na zamani suke yi. Ana kuma zargin cewa hakoransu sun sami ƙarni da yawa (sabanin mutane waɗanda ke da biyu kawai, haƙoran jariri da hakora na dindindin).

Dinosaurs na herbivorous suna da "duwatsu" a cikin ciki

Ana zargin cewa manyan sauropods suna da "duwatsu" a cikin ciki da ake kira gastrothrocytes, wanda zai taimaka wajen murkushe abinci mai wahalar narkewa yayin aikin narkar da abinci. A halin yanzu ana ganin wannan yanayin a wasu tsuntsaye.