Tetrapods - Ma’ana, juyin halitta, halaye da misalai

Wadatacce

• menene tetrapods
• Asali da juyin halittar tetrapods
• Halayen tetrapods
• misalai na tetrapods
• Amphibian tetrapods
• sauropsid tetrapods
• Tetrapods na Synapsid
  

Lokacin magana game da tetrapods, yana da mahimmanci a san cewa suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kashin baya juyin halitta mafi nasara a Duniya. Suna nan a cikin kowane nau'in mazaunin kamar yadda, godiya ga gaskiyar cewa membobin su sun haɓaka ta hanyoyi daban -daban, sun dace da rayuwa a cikin na ruwa, na duniya har ma da yanayin iska. Babban mahimmancin sa ana samun shi a asalin membobinta, amma kun san ma'anar kalmar tetrapod? Kuma kun san daga inda wannan ƙungiya mai saɓo ta fito?

Za mu gaya muku game da asali da juyin halittar waɗannan dabbobin, mafi kyawun halayensu masu mahimmanci, kuma za mu nuna muku misalan kowannen su. Idan kuna son sanin duk waɗannan bangarorin na tetrapods, ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin da muke gabatar muku anan akan PeritoAnimal.

menene tetrapods

Mafi kyawun halayyar wannan rukunin dabbobin shine kasancewar membobi huɗu (saboda haka sunan, tetra = hudu da podos = ƙafa). Yana da a ƙungiyar monophyletic, wato, duk wakilansa suna da kakanni guda ɗaya, gami da kasancewar waɗancan membobin, waɗanda suka ƙunshi "sabon abu juyin halitta"(watau synapomorphy) wanda ke cikin duk membobin wannan rukunin.

Anan an haɗa da amphibians da amniotes (dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa) waɗanda, bi da bi, suna halin kasancewa gabobin pendactyl (tare da yatsun hannu 5) waɗanda aka kirkira ta jerin sassan sassaka waɗanda ke ba da izinin motsi na gabobin jiki da ƙaurawar jiki, kuma hakan ya samo asali ne daga ƙoshin nama na kifin da ya riga su (Sarcopterygium). Dangane da wannan sifa ta gabobin jiki, sauye -sauye da yawa don tashi, iyo, ko gudu sun faru.

Asali da juyin halittar tetrapods

Nasarar Duniya wani dogon tsari ne mai mahimmanci wanda ya haɗa da canje -canjen halittu da na zahiri a kusan dukkanin tsarin halittu, wanda ya samo asali a cikin mahallin Tsarin halittu na Devonian (kimanin shekaru miliyan 408-360 da suka gabata), lokacin da Tiktaalik, an riga an ɗauke shi azaman kashin bayan ƙasa.

Canji daga ruwa zuwa ƙasa kusan tabbas shine misalin "daidaitawa radiation".A cikin wannan tsari, dabbobin da ke samun wasu halaye (kamar tsoffin gabobin tafiya ko ikon numfashi) suna mamaye sabbin wuraren zama mafi dacewa ga rayuwarsu (tare da sabbin hanyoyin abinci, ƙarancin haɗari daga masu farauta, ƙarancin gasa tare da wasu nau'in, da sauransu. .). Waɗannan gyare -gyaren suna da alaƙa da bambance -bambance tsakanin yanayin ruwa da na ƙasa:

Tare da wucewa daga ruwa zuwa ƙasa, tetrapods sun fuskanci matsaloli kamar su raya jikinsu akan busasshiyar ƙasa, waɗanda suka fi iska yawa da yawa, haka kuma nauyi a cikin yanayin ƙasa. A saboda wannan dalili, an tsara tsarin kwarangwal ɗin ku a cikin daban da kifi, kamar yadda a cikin tetrapods yana yiwuwa a lura cewa ana haɗa haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɓakawar vertebral (zygapophysis) wanda ke ba da damar kashin baya ya lanƙwasa kuma, a lokaci guda, yana aiki azaman gada na dakatarwa don tallafawa nauyin gabobin da ke ƙasa.

A gefe guda, akwai halin rarrabe kashin baya zuwa yankuna huɗu ko biyar, daga kwanyar zuwa yankin wutsiya:

• yankin mahaifa: hakan yana kara motsa kai.
• Yankin akwati ko yankin dorsal: tare da haƙarƙari.
• yankin sacral: yana da alaƙa da ƙashin ƙugu kuma yana canza ƙarfin ƙafafu zuwa locomotion na kwarangwal.
• Yankin caudal ko wutsiya.

Halayen tetrapods

Babban halayen tetrapods sune kamar haka:

• haƙarƙari: suna da haƙarƙarin da ke taimakawa wajen kare gabobin kuma, a cikin tetrapods na dā, suna shimfidawa ta cikin dukkan ginshiƙan vertebral. Misali, dabbobin daji na zamani, kusan sun rasa hakarkarinsu, kuma a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ana iyakance su ne kawai a gaban akwati.
• Huhu. Koyaya, a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, an rarrabasu ta hanyoyi daban -daban.
• Kwayoyin da keratin: a daya bangaren kuma, daya daga cikin muhimman halaye na wannan kungiya shine yadda suke kaucewa bushewar jikinsu, tare da sikeli, gashi da fuka -fukan da matattun da keratinized sel suka kirkira, wato an yi masu ciki da furotin fibrous, keratin.
• haifuwa. Wannan kwai yana da yadudduka daban -daban na amfrayo: amnion, chorion, allantois da yolk sac.
• tsutsa: Dabbobin daji, bi da bi, suna nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan haihuwa tare da yanayin tsutsotsi (alal misali, tadpoles na kwadon ruwa) tare da gills na waje, kuma wani ɓangaren juzu'in haihuwar su yana haɓaka cikin ruwa, sabanin sauran amphibians, kamar wasu salamanders.
• gland salivary da sauran su: a tsakanin sauran halayen tetrapod, zamu iya ambaton ci gaban glandan salivary don shafawa abinci, samar da enzymes na narkar da abinci, kasancewar babban, harshe mai tsoka wanda ke hidimar kama abinci, kamar yadda yake a cikin wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, kariya da saɓo na idanu ta cikin kumburin ido da ƙudurin lacrimal, da kama sauti da watsa shi zuwa kunnen ciki.

misalai na tetrapods

Da yake ƙungiya ce ta megadiverse, bari mu ambaci misalai masu ban sha'awa da jan hankali na kowane tsararraki da za mu iya samu a yau:

Amphibian tetrapods

Hada da kwaɗi (kwaɗi da toads), urodes (salamanders and newts) da wasan motsa jiki ko caecilians. Wasu misalai sune:

• Kwadi na zinari mai guba (Phyllobates terribilis): don haka na musamman saboda launinsa mai ɗaukar ido.
• salamander wuta (salamand salamander): tare da kyakkyawan ƙira.
• Cecilias (amphibians waɗanda suka rasa ƙafafunsu, wato, su apods ne): kamanninsu yayi kama da na tsutsotsi, tare da manyan wakilai, kamar cecilia-thompson (Caecilia Thompson), wanda zai iya kaiwa tsawon mita 1.5.

Don ƙarin fahimtar waɗannan tetrapods na musamman, ƙila ku iya sha'awar wannan labarin game da numfashi na amphibian.

sauropsid tetrapods

Sun hada da dabbobi masu rarrafe na zamani, kunkuru da tsuntsaye. Wasu misalai sune:

• mawakan Brazil (Micrurus brasiliensis): tare da guba mai ƙarfi.
• Kashe Kashe (Chelus fimbriatus): mai ban sha'awa don kwaikwayonsa mai ban mamaki.
• tsuntsayen aljanna.

Tetrapods na Synapsid

Dabbobi masu shayarwa na yanzu kamar:

• Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus): wakili mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa.
• jemagu mai tashi (Acerodon jubatus): ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan shayarwa masu shahara masu tashi.
• mole-nosed mole (Ruwan condylure): tare da halaye na musamman na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.

Idan kuna son karanta ƙarin labarai makamantansu Tetrapods - Ma’ana, juyin halitta, halaye da misalai,, muna ba da shawarar cewa ku shiga ɓangaren Curiosities na duniyar dabbobi.