Wadatacce
DA juyin halitta na asali da asalin sa ya haifar da cece -kuce mai yawa da tarin hasashe tun farkon wannan karatun. Wannan babban tsari na dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda mutane ke cikin sa, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi haɗari ga mutane.
A cikin wannan labarin ta PeritoAnimal, za mu koyi su wanene dabbobin, waɗanne halaye ne ke bayyana su, yadda suka samo asali kuma idan abu ɗaya ne don magana game da birai da dabbobin daji. Za mu yi bayanin komai a ƙasa, ci gaba da karatu!
Asalin primates
DA asalin sunan farko kowa da kowa ne. Duk nau'in halittun dabbobin da ke wanzu suna raba sifofi da ke bambanta su da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa. Yawancin dabbobin da ake da su rayuwa cikin bishiyoyi, don haka suna da madaidaicin abin da zai ba su damar gudanar da wannan salon rayuwa. ƙafafunku da hannayenku suna saba don matsawa tsakanin rassan. Ƙafar ƙafar ta bambanta da sauran yatsun kafa (in ban da ɗan adam), kuma wannan yana ba su damar riƙewa da ƙarfi ga rassan. Hannun kuma suna da daidaitawa, amma waɗannan za su dogara da nau'in, kamar babban yatsa mai adawa. Ba su da ƙusoshin lanƙwasa da farce kamar sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna lebur kuma ba su da maki.
yatsunsu suna da matasan kai tare da dermatoglyphs (yatsan yatsa) wanda ke ba su damar haɗewa da rassan da kyau, bugu da ƙari, akan tafin hannaye da yatsun hannu, akwai tsarin jijiyoyin da ake kira Meissner corpuscles, wanda ke ba da ingantaccen yanayin taɓawa.Cibiyar nauyi ta jiki tana kusa da kafafu, waɗanda kuma su ne mambobi masu rinjaye lokacin locomotion. A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, ƙashin diddigin ya fi na sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Ofaya daga cikin mahimmancin daidaitawa a cikin dabbobin daji shine idanu. Na farko, suna da girma sosai dangane da jiki, kuma idan muna magana ne game da dabbobin daji, sun fi girma, sabanin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke amfani da wasu hankula don rayuwa cikin dare. Wadancan fitattun idanu kuma manyan sune saboda kasancewar kashi a bayan ido, wanda muke kira orbit.
Bugu da kari, da jijiyoyi na gani (ɗaya ga kowane ido) kada ku ƙetare gaba ɗaya a cikin kwakwalwa, kamar yadda suke yi a cikin wasu nau'in, wanda ke sarrafa bayanan da ke shiga idon dama a cikin ɓangaren hagu na kwakwalwa kuma ana sarrafa bayanan da ke shiga idon hagu a gefen dama na kwakwalwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa, a cikin dabbobi, bayanan da ke shiga ta kowace ido za a iya sarrafa su a ɓangarorin biyu na kwakwalwa, wanda ke ba da fahimtar yanayin muhalli sosai.
Kunnen primate yana halin bayyanar wani tsari da ake kira ampulla auditory, wanda ƙashin tympanic da ƙashi na ɗan lokaci suka kafa, wanda ya haɗa da kunne na tsakiya da na ciki. A gefe guda kuma, da alama ƙanshin ƙanshin ya ragu, ba tare da wari ba ya zama alamar wannan rukunin dabbobin.
Dangane da kwakwalwa, yana da mahimmanci a nanata cewa girman sa ba shine sifa mai tantancewa ba. Yawancin dabbobin da yawa suna da ƙaramin kwakwalwa fiye da kowane matsakaici mai shayarwa. Dolphins, alal misali, suna da kwakwalensu, idan aka kwatanta da jikinsu, kusan babba kamar kowane magabaci. Abinda ya banbanta kwakwalwa daga dabbobin daji shine tsarin jikin mutum guda biyu na musamman a cikin dabbobin dabba: the Sunan mahaifi Sylvia shi ne calcarin tsagi.
DA muƙamuƙi da hakora primates ba su sami manyan canje -canje ko daidaitawa ba. Suna da hakora 36, incisors 8, canine 4, premolars 12 da molars 12.
Ire -iren dabbobin daji
A cikin rarrabuwa na rarrabuwa na primates, mun sami subders biyu: suborder "strepsirrhini", wanda lemurs da lorisiforms suke ciki, da kuma ƙaramin yanki "Haplorrhini", wanda ya hada da masu tserewa da birai.
strepsirrhines
Strepshyrins an san su da rigar hanci primates, hankalin ku bai ragu ba kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hankalin ku. Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da lemurs, mazaunan tsibirin Madagascar. Sun shahara da kaɗe -kaɗe na kaɗe -kaɗe, manyan idanunsu da halayensu na dare. Akwai nau'ikan lemurs kusan 100, gami da lemar cin ko lemur mai wutsiya, da alaothra lemur, ko Hapalemur alaotrensis.
wani rukuni na strepsirrhines su ne loris, yayi kama da lemurs, amma mazaunan sauran yankuna na duniya. Daga cikin nau'ikansa muna haskaka loris ja bakin (loris tardigradus), nau'in haɗari mai haɗari daga Sri Lanka, ko kuma loris jinkirin Bengal (Nycticebus bengalensis).
haplorrhine
Halplorrine su ne sauki hanci primates, sun rasa wani ɓangare na iyawar ƙanshin su. Ƙungiya mai mahimmanci ita ce masu tserewa. Waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a Indonesia kuma ana ɗaukar su dabbobin shaidan saboda bayyanar su. Na al'adun dare, suna da manyan idanu, dogayen yatsu da ƙaramin jiki. kungiyoyin biyu strepsirrhine da kuma masu tserewa ana ɗauka masu haɓakawa.
Kashi na biyu na haplorrhine birai ne, kuma gaba ɗaya an raba su zuwa birrai na New World, birai na tsohuwar duniya, da hominids.
- birai sabuwar duniya: duk waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Daga cikinsu mun sami birai masu kuka (jinsi Alouatta), birai na dare (jinsi Aotus) da birai na gizo -gizo (jinsi Atheles).
- tsoffin birai na duniya: waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a Afirka da Asiya. Birai ne ba tare da wutsiyar prehensile ba, kuma ana kiranta catarrhines saboda suna da hanci a ƙasa, kuma su ma suna da ƙira a gindi. An kafa wannan ƙungiya ta baboons (genus Theropithecus), birai (jinsi biri), cercopithecines (jinsi Cercopithecus) da colobus (jinsi colobus).
- hominids: su dabbobi ne marasa wutsiya, su ma catarrhine. Dan Adam yana cikin wannan rukunin, wanda yake rabawa tare da gorillas (jinsi gorilla), chimpanzees (jinsi kwanon rufi), bonobos (nau'in kwanon rufi) da orangutan (jinsi Pong).
Sha'awa cikin dabbobin da ba ɗan adam ba? Duba kuma: Ire -iren birai
juyin halitta na farko
A juyin halitta na farko, burbushin da ke da alaƙa da dabbobin zamani ko dabbobin dabino daga marigayi Eocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 55 da suka gabata). A farkon Miocene (shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata), nau'in da yayi kama da na yau ya fara bayyana. Akwai ƙungiya a cikin dabbobin da ake kira plesiadapiform ko archaic, Dabbobi na Paleocene (shekaru miliyan 65 - 55) waɗanda ke nuna wasu halayen dabbobin, kodayake a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar waɗannan dabbobin sun bambanta kafin bayyanar dabbobin kuma daga baya sun mutu, don haka ba za su kasance masu alaƙa da su ba..
Bisa ga burbushin da aka gano, da na farko Wadanda aka sani suna dacewa da rayuwar arboreal kuma suna da manyan fasalullukan da ke rarrabe wannan rukunin, kamar kwanyar kai, hakora da kwarangwal gaba ɗaya. An gano wadannan burbushin a Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Asiya.
An samo burbushin farko daga tsakiyar Eocene a China kuma yayi daidai da dangi na farko (Eosimians), waɗanda yanzu sun ƙare. Daga baya an gano samfuran burbushin na dangin Adapidae da Omomyidae a Misira.
Rubuce -rubucen burbushin halittu ya tattara dukkan ƙungiyoyin dabbobin da ake da su, in ban da na Malagasy lemur, wanda ba shi da burbushin kakanninsa. A gefe guda kuma, akwai burbushin halittu daga ƙanwarta, lorisiformes. An gano waɗannan gawarwakin a Kenya kuma sun kusan shekaru miliyan 20, kodayake sabbin abubuwan da aka gano sun nuna cewa sun kasance shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata. Saboda haka, mun san cewa lemurs da lorisiformes sun rabu fiye da shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata kuma sun samar da wani yanki na dabbobin da ake kira strepsirrhines.
Sauran gundumomin dabbobin, haplorrhines, sun bayyana a China a tsakiyar Eocene, tare da tarsiiformes infraorder. Sauran cin zarafin, birai, sun bayyana shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata a cikin Oligocene.
O fitowar halittar Homo, wanda dan Adam yake, ya faru shekaru miliyan 7 da suka gabata a Afirka. Lokacin da bipedalism ya bayyana har yanzu ba a sani ba. Akwai burbushin na Kenya wanda wasu ƙananan ƙasusuwa ne kawai suka rage wanda zai iya ba da shawarar wani ikon motsi biyu. Mafi burbushin burbushin bipedalism shine daga shekaru miliyan 3.4 da suka gabata, kafin sanannen burbushin Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis).
Idan kuna son karanta ƙarin labarai makamantansu Asali da juyin halittun dabbobi,, muna ba da shawarar cewa ku shiga ɓangaren Curiosities na duniyar dabbobi.