Halayen tsuntsu

Wadatacce

• A plumage, mafi musamman fasalin tsuntsaye
• Babban halayen tsuntsaye
• jirgin tsuntsaye
• Hijirar tsuntsu
• kwarangwal na tsuntsu
• Sauran halayen tsuntsaye

Tsuntsaye sune kasusuwan tetrapod masu ɗumi-ɗumi (watau endotherms) waɗanda ke da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta su da sauran dabbobin. Kakanninku ƙungiya ce dinosaurs na duniya wanda ya zauna a Duniya yayin Jurassic, tsakanin shekaru miliyan 150 zuwa 200 da suka gabata. Waɗannan su ne mafi yawan nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe, tare da kusan nau'ikan 10,000 a yau. Suna zaune a duk muhallin duniya, ana samun su a wuraren sanyi na ginshiƙai, zuwa hamada da muhallin ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan ƙanana kamar wasu hummingbirds, har ma da manyan nau'ikan kamar jimina.

Kamar yadda akwai bambancin tsuntsaye iri -iri, a cikin wannan labarin na PeritoAnimal, za mu nuna muku abin da waɗannan dabbobin ke da alaƙa, wato, duk halayen tsuntsaye da cikakkun bayanai masu ban mamaki.

A plumage, mafi musamman fasalin tsuntsaye

Duk da yake ba dukkan nau'in tsuntsaye ne ke iya tashi ba, galibin su na yin hakan ne saboda kyakkyawan yanayin jikinsu da fikafikansu. Wannan ikon ya ba su damar yin mulkin kowane irin mazaunin da sauran dabbobin ba za su iya isa ba. Fuka-fukan tsuntsaye suna da tsari mai rikitarwa, kuma sun samo asali ne daga farawa mai sauƙi a cikin dinosaur pre-avian zuwa yanayin su na zamani sama da miliyoyin shekaru. Don haka a yau za mu iya samu manyan bambance -bambance a cikin nau'ikan 10,000 cewa akwai a duniya.

Kowane nau'in fuka -fukan ya bambanta gwargwadon yankin jikin da aka same shi kuma gwargwadon sifar sa, kuma wannan ma ya bambanta da kowane nau'in, kamar yadda fuka -fukan ba kawai ke yin aikin tashi ba, har ma da masu zuwa:

• Zaɓin abokin tarayya.
• A lokacin nesting.
• Ganewa na musamman (watau, mutane iri ɗaya).
• Thermoregulation na jiki, tunda, a cikin yanayin tsuntsayen ruwa, furen yana tarwatsa kumburin iska wanda ke hana tsuntsu yin jika yayin nutsewa.
• Camouflage.

Babban halayen tsuntsaye

Daga cikin halayen tsuntsaye, wadannan sun fito fili:

jirgin tsuntsaye

Godiya ga siffar fikafikansu, tsuntsaye na iya yin abubuwa daga hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa zuwa dogayen tafiye -tafiye, dangane da tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. Fuka -fukan sun haɓaka daban -daban a cikin kowane rukunin tsuntsaye, misali:

• tsuntsaye ba tare da gashinsa ba.
• Tsuntsaye masu rage gashinsa.
• tsuntsaye tare da gashin fuka -fuki: a cikin wasu nau'in, irin su kiwi, fuka -fukan na rudimentary ne kuma fuka -fukai suna da tsari iri ɗaya da gashin.

A gefe guda kuma, a cikin nau'in tsuntsaye fuka -fukan suna haɓaka sosai kuma, dangane da salon rayuwarsu, suna iya samun sifofi daban -daban:

• Mai fadi da zagaye: a cikin jinsunan da ke zaune a cikin yanayin rufewa.
• Kunkuntar kuma nuna: a cikin tsuntsaye masu saurin tashi kamar hadiyewa.
• kunkuntar da fadi: gabatarwa a cikin tsuntsaye irin su tsuntsun teku, wanda ke zamewa akan ruwa.
• Fuka -fukai suna kwaikwayon yatsu: Haka kuma a cikin nau’o’i irin su ungulu, ana lura da fuka -fukan a matsayin yatsu a kan fikafikan fikafikan, wanda ke ba su damar zamewa a kan manyan tsaunuka, ta amfani da ginshiƙan iskar ɗumi a yankunan tsaunuka, misali.

Koyaya, akwai kuma tsuntsaye marasa tashi, kamar yadda muka bayyana muku a cikin wannan labarin game da tsuntsaye marasa tashi-Siffofin da misalai 10.

Hijirar tsuntsu

Tsuntsaye suna iya yin dogayen jiragen sama yayin ƙaura, waɗanda ake yin su akai -akai kuma ana aiki tare, kuma waɗanda ke faruwa saboda sauye -sauyen yanayi inda tsuntsaye ke motsawa daga yankunan hunturu a kudu zuwa yankunan bazara a arewa, alal misali, don neman wadataccen abinci don samun damar ciyar da yaransu a lokacin kiwo.

A wannan lokacin, hijirar kuma tana ba su damar nemowa mafi kyawun yankuna zuwa gida da kuma tayar da kwikwiyo. Bugu da kari, wannan tsari yana taimaka musu wajen kula da homeostasis (daidaiton jikin cikin gida), saboda waɗannan motsi suna ba su damar gujewa matsanancin yanayi. Koyaya, tsuntsayen da basa ƙaura ana kiransu mazauna kuma suna da wasu saɓani don magance munanan lokuta.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da tsuntsaye ke karkatar da kansu yayin ƙaura, kuma bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa suna amfani da rana don neman hanyarsu. Kewayawa kuma ya haɗa da gano filayen maganadisu, yin amfani da wari, da amfani da alamomin gani.

Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da wannan batun, kar ku rasa wannan labarin na PeritoAnimal game da tsuntsaye masu ƙaura.

kwarangwal na tsuntsu

Tsuntsaye suna da bambanci a cikin ƙasusuwansu, kuma shine kasancewar ramuka (a cikin nau'in yawo) cike da iska, amma tare da babban juriya wanda, bi da bi, yana ba su haske. A daya bangaren kuma, wadannan kasusuwa suna da digiri daban -daban na hadewa a wurare daban -daban na jiki, kamar kashin kan kai, wadanda ba su da sutura. Hakanan kashin baya yana da bambance -bambancen, yana da adadin vertebrae mafi girma a cikin wuya, wanda ke haifar da babban sassauci. Ƙarshen baya na baya kuma ana haɗe su da ƙashin ƙugu kuma suna samar da haɗin gwiwa. A gefe guda, tsuntsaye suna da haƙarƙarin haƙora da sternum mai siffar keel, wanda ke saka tsoffin jiragen sama. Suna da kafafu-kafafu huɗu waɗanda, gwargwadon halinsu, suna da sunaye daban-daban:

• anisodactyls: Yafi yawa a tsakanin tsuntsaye, da yatsu uku suna fuskantar gaba da yatsa ɗaya baya.
• syndactyls: yatsu na uku da na huɗu a haɗe, kamar mai kamun kifi.
• Zygodactyls: kwatankwacin tsuntsayen arboreal, kamar bishiyoyin itace ko toucans, tare da yatsunsu biyu suna fuskantar gaba (yatsun 2 da 3) da yatsu biyu suna fuskantar baya (yatsun hannu 1 da 4).
• Pamprodactyls: tsari wanda yatsunsa huɗu ke nunawa gaba. Halayen swifts (Apodidae), waɗanda ke amfani da ƙusa na yatsan farko don rataye, tunda waɗannan tsuntsayen ba sa iya sauka ko tafiya.
• heterodactyls. Yana da alaƙa da trogoniforms kamar quetzals.

Sauran halayen tsuntsaye

Sauran halayen tsuntsaye sune kamar haka:

• Hankalin gani sosai: Tsuntsaye suna da manyan da'irori masu yawa (inda ƙwallon ido ke sauka) da manyan idanu, kuma wannan yana da alaƙa da tashi. Kwarewar gani, musamman a wasu nau'in kamar gaggafa, ya ninka na sauran dabbobi har sau uku fiye da mutane.
• ji na warimatalauci.
• Kunneda bunƙasa.
• Ƙafafun Ƙaho: wato suna da tsarin keratin, kuma siffarsu za ta danganta kai tsaye da irin abincin da tsuntsun ke da shi. A gefe guda, akwai gemun da aka saba da su don tsotse tsirrai daga furanni, ko babba da ƙarfi don buɗe hatsi da iri. A gefe guda, akwai matattarar matatun ruwa waɗanda ke ba ku damar cin abinci a cikin laka ko a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa, da kuma a cikin hanyar mashi don samun damar kamun kifi. Wasu nau'in suna da guntun gungumen azaba don yanke itace, wasu kuma suna da ƙugiya wanda ke ba su damar farautar ganima.
• Syrinx: ita ce muryar tsuntsaye kuma, kamar sautin muryoyin mutane, yana ba su damar fitar da sautuka da waƙoƙi masu daɗi a cikin wasu nau'in don su iya sadarwa.
• haifuwa: Haihuwar tsuntsaye na faruwa ne ta hanyar hadi na ciki, kuma suna saka kwai da aka samar da murfin limestone mai wuya.
• Yin jima'i: suna iya zama mace ɗaya, wato samun abokin tarayya ɗaya kacal a duk tsawon lokacin haihuwa (ko ma ya fi tsayi, ko a jere), ko zama mata fiye da ɗaya kuma suna da abokan tarayya da yawa.
• Gida. 'Yan kwikwiyo na iya zama masu altricial, wato an haife su ba tare da fuka -fukai ba, kuma a wannan yanayin iyaye suna saka lokaci mai yawa wajen ciyar da su da kulawa; ko kuma su kasance masu ƙima, a cikin haka ne suka bar gida tun da wuri kuma kulawar iyaye ba ta daɗe.