Gwajin dabbobi - Menene su, iri da madadin su

Wadatacce

• Menene gwajin dabbobi
• Nau'o'in Gwajin Dabbobi
• Tarihin gwajin dabbobi
• Fara gwajin dabbobi
• tsakiyar zamanai
• Canji zuwa Zamanin Zamani
• Zamanin Zamani
• Madadin Gwajin Dabbobi
• Ribobi da fursunoni na Gwajin Dabbobi

Gwajin dabbobi batu ne mai cike da muhawara, kuma idan muka zurfafa cikin tarihin kwanan nan, za mu ga cewa wannan ba sabon abu bane. Yana nan sosai a fagen kimiyya, siyasa da zamantakewa.

Tun daga rabi na biyu na karni na 20, an yi muhawara game da lafiyar dabbobi, ba don dabbobin dakin gwaje -gwaje kawai ba, har ma ga dabbobin gida ko masana'antar kiwo.

A cikin wannan labarin ta PeritoAnimal, za mu yi ɗan taƙaitaccen tarihin tarihin gwajin dabbobi farawa da ma'anarta, da iri gwaje -gwajen dabba data kasance da yiwu madadin.

Menene gwajin dabbobi

Gwajin dabbobi gwaje -gwaje ne da aka yi daga halitta da amfani da samfuran dabbobi don dalilai na kimiyya, wanda burinsa gabaɗaya shine haɓaka da inganta rayuwar mutane da sauran dabbobi, kamar dabbobi ko dabbobi.

binciken dabba wajibi ne a cikin haɓaka sabbin magunguna ko hanyoyin kwantar da hankali waɗanda za a yi amfani da su a cikin mutane, daidai da Lambar Nuremberg, bayan dabbancin da aka yi da mutane a Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cewar Sanarwar Helsinki, binciken ilimin halittu a cikin mutane "yakamata a dogara da gwajin dakin gwaje -gwaje da gwajin dabbobi da kyau".

Nau'o'in Gwajin Dabbobi

Akwai nau'ikan gwaje -gwajen dabbobi da yawa, waɗanda suka bambanta ta fannin bincike:

• Agrifood bincike: nazarin kwayoyin halittu tare da sha'awar agronomic da haɓaka tsirrai ko dabbobi.
• Magunguna da dabbobi: ganewar cuta, ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafi, maganin cutar da magani, da sauransu.
• Kimiyyar kere -kere: samar da furotin, biosafety, da sauransu.
• Muhalli: bincike da gano abubuwan gurɓatawa, biosafety, ƙwayoyin halittar jama'a, karatun halayyar ƙaura, karatun halayyar ɗabi'a, da sauransu.
• kwayoyin halitta: nazarin tsarin halittu da ayyuka, ƙirƙirar bankunan halittu, ƙirƙirar samfuran dabbobi na cututtukan ɗan adam, da sauransu.
• Shagon sayar da magunguna: injiniyan ilimin halittu don ganewar asali, xenotransplantation (ƙirƙirar gabobin aladu da dabbobin daji don dasawa cikin mutane), ƙirƙirar sabbin magunguna, toxicology, da sauransu.
• Oncology: nazarin ci gaban ƙari, ƙirƙirar sabbin alamomin ƙari, metastases, tsinkayar ƙari, da sauransu.
• Cutar cututtuka: nazarin cututtuka na kwayan cuta, juriya na kwayoyin cuta, nazarin cututtukan hoto (hepatitis, myxomatosis, HIV ...), parasitic (Leishmania, malaria, filariasis ...).
• neuroscience: nazarin cututtukan neurodegenerative (Alzheimer), nazarin ƙwayar jijiya, hanyoyin jin zafi, ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, da sauransu.
• Cututtukan jijiyoyin jini: ciwon zuciya, hawan jini, da dai sauransu.

Tarihin gwajin dabbobi

Amfani da dabbobi a gwaje -gwajen ba hujja ce ta yanzu ba, an daɗe ana yin waɗannan dabarun. kafin Girkanci na gargajiya, musamman, tun Tarihin Tarihi, da tabbacin wannan su ne zane -zane na cikin dabbobin da za a iya lura da su a cikin kogo, waɗanda tsoffin suka yi. homo sapiens.

Fara gwajin dabbobi

Mai bincike na farko da yayi aiki tare da gwajin dabbobi da aka yi rikodin shine Alcman da Crotona, wanda a cikin 450 BC ya yanke jijiyar gani, ya haifar da makanta a cikin dabba. Sauran misalan masu gwajin farko sune Alexandria Herophilus (330-250 BC) wanda ya nuna bambancin aiki tsakanin jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi ta amfani da dabbobi, ko galan (AD 130-210) waɗanda suka yi dabaru na rarrabuwa, suna nuna ba kawai jikin ɗan adam ba, har ma da ayyukansu.

tsakiyar zamanai

Tsakiyar Tsakiya tana wakiltar koma baya ga kimiyya saboda manyan dalilai guda uku, a cewar masana tarihi:

1. Faduwar Daular Roma ta Yamma da bacewar ilimin da Girkawa suka bayar.
2. Mamayewar 'yan barna daga ƙabilun Asiya masu ƙarancin ci gaba.
3. Fadada Kiristanci, wanda bai yi imani da ka'idodin jiki ba, amma na ruhaniya.

DA zuwan Musulunci Turai bai yi aiki don haɓaka ilimin likitanci ba, saboda suna adawa da yin gwajin gawarwaki da gawarwaki, amma godiya gare su duk bayanan da aka rasa daga Girkawa an dawo dasu.

A cikin ƙarni na huɗu, akwai karkatacciyar koyarwa a cikin Kiristanci a cikin Byzantium wanda ya sa aka kori wani ɓangare na yawan jama'a. Waɗannan mutanen sun zauna a Farisa kuma sun kirkiro makarantar likitanci ta farko. A karni na 8, Larabawa sun ci Farisa kuma sun kasa duk wani ilimi, suna yada shi ta yankunan da suka ci.

Hakanan a cikin Farisa, a cikin karni na 10, an haifi likita da mai bincike Ibnu Sina, wanda aka sani a Yammacin Turai kamar Avicenna. Kafin ya cika shekaru 20, ya buga juzu'i sama da 20 akan duk sanannun ilimin kimiyya, wanda a ciki, alal misali, akwai yadda ake yin tracheostomy.

Canji zuwa Zamanin Zamani

Daga baya a cikin tarihi, a lokacin Renaissance, yin gwajin gawarwaki ya ba da ƙarin sani ga ilimin jikin ɗan adam. A Ingila, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) a cikin rubuce-rubucensa akan gwaji ya bayyana bukatar amfani da dabbobi don ci gaban kimiyya. Kusan lokaci guda, wasu masu bincike da yawa sun goyi bayan ra'ayin Bacon.

A gefe guda kuma, Carlo Ruini (1530 - 1598), likitan dabbobi, masanin shari’a kuma masanin gine -gine, ya baiyana dukkan ilmin jikin mutum da kwarangwal na doki, da kuma yadda ake warkar da wasu cututtuka na waɗannan dabbobin.

A shekara ta 1665, Richard Lower (1631-1691) ya yi ƙarin jini tsakanin karnuka. Daga baya ya yi kokarin juyar da jini daga kare zuwa ga mutum, amma sakamakonsa ya yi muni.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) ya nuna, ta hanyar amfani da dabbobi, iska tana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa.

A cikin karni na 18, gwajin dabbobi ya ƙaru sosai kuma farkon sabanin tunani ya fara bayyana da sanin ciwon kai da wahala na dabbobi. Henri Duhamel Dumenceau (1700-1782) ya rubuta kasida akan gwajin dabbobi ta mahangar ɗabi'a, inda ya ce: “kowace rana dabbobi da yawa suna mutuwa don ƙosar da abincin mu fiye da yadda fatar jikin mutum ke yanka, fiye da abin da suke yi da makasudin amfani wanda ke haifar da kiyaye lafiya da warkar da cututtuka ”. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin 1760, James Ferguson ya ƙirƙiri Farkon Fasaha don amfani da dabbobi a gwaje -gwajen.

Zamanin Zamani

A cikin karni na 19, da mafi girma binciken na maganin zamani ta hanyar gwajin dabbobi:

• Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) ya kirkiro allurar rigakafin cutar anthrax a cikin tumaki, kwalara a cikin kaji, da rabies a cikin karnuka.
• Robert Koch (1842 - 1919) ya gano kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da tarin fuka.
• Paul Erlich (1854 - 1919) yayi nazarin cutar sankarau da ciwon sikila, kasancewar shine mai tallata ilimin rigakafi.

Daga karni na 20, tare da fitowar maganin sa barci, akwai babban ci gaba a magani tare da kasa wahala ga dabbobi. Hakanan a cikin wannan ƙarni, dokokin farko don kare dabbobi, dabbobi da gwaji sun fito:

• 1966. Dokar Jindadin Dabbobi, a kasar Amurka.
• 1976. Dokar Zalunci ga Dabbobi, a Ingila.
• 1978. Kyakkyawan dakin gwaje -gwaje (Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta FDA) ta bayar a Amurka.
• 1978. Ka'idodin ɗabi'a da jagororin Gwajin Kimiyya akan Dabbobi, a Switzerland.

Saboda karuwar rashin lafiyar jama'a gaba ɗaya, wanda ya zama yana adawa da amfani da dabbobi a kowane yanki, ya zama dole a ƙirƙiri dokoki don fifita kare dabba, ga duk abin da ake amfani da shi. A Turai, an zartar da dokoki, ƙa'idodi da yarjejeniyoyi masu zuwa:

• Yarjejeniyar Turai game da Kariyar Dabbobin da Aka Yi Amfani da su don Gwaje -gwaje da Sauran Manufofin Kimiyya (Strasbourg, 18 Maris 1986).
• 24 ga Nuwamba, 1986, Majalisar Turai ta buga Jagora game da kusancin doka, ƙa'idoji da tanadi na membobin Kasashe dangane da kare dabbobin da ake amfani da su don gwaji da sauran dalilai na kimiyya.
• DIRECTIVE 2010/63/EU NA MAJALISAR TURAWA DA NA Majalisar 22 Satumba 2010 akan kariyar dabbobin da ake amfani da su don dalilai na kimiyya.

A Brazil, babbar dokar da ta shafi amfani da dabbobi a kimiyya ita ce Doka mai lamba 11.794, na 8 ga Oktoba, 2008, wanda ya soke Dokar mai lamba 6,638, na 8 ga Mayu, 1979.^[1]

Madadin Gwajin Dabbobi

Amfani da wasu dabaru na daban don gwajin dabbobi baya nufin, da farko, don kawar da waɗannan dabarun. Madadin gwajin dabbobi ya fito a cikin 1959, lokacin da Russell da Burch suka ba da shawara 3 Rs: sauyawa, raguwa da tsaftacewa.

A madadin sauyawa ga gwajin dabbobi sune dabarun da ke maye gurbin amfani da dabbobin da ke rayuwa. Russell da Burch sun bambanta tsakanin maye gurbin dangi, wanda ana yin hadaya da dabbar daji don ku iya aiki tare da sel ɗinku, gabobinku ko kyallen takarda, da cikakken canji, inda ake maye gurbin kasusuwa da al'adun ƙwayoyin ɗan adam, invertebrates da sauran kyallen takarda.

Game da ga raguwa, akwai shaidar cewa ƙirar gwaji mara kyau da kuskuren ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na haifar da amfani da dabbobi, tare da ɓata rayuwarsu ba tare da wani amfani ba. dole ne amfani dabbobi kaɗan ne, saboda haka dole ne kwamitin da'a ya tantance ko ƙirar gwajin da ƙididdigar dabbobin da za a yi amfani da su daidai ne. Hakanan, ƙayyade ko za a iya amfani da dabbobin da ba su da ƙima ko na amfrayo.

Gyaran fasahohi yana haifar da yuwuwar zafin da dabbar zata iya sha wahala ko kaɗan. Dole ne a kiyaye jindadin dabbobi sama da komai. Bai kamata a sami damuwa na ilimin lissafi, na tunani ko muhalli ba. Don wannan, maganin sa barci da kwantar da hankali dole ne a yi amfani da su a yayin da ake iya shiga tsakani, kuma dole ne a sami wadataccen muhalli a cikin gidan dabbar, don ta sami ilimin dabi'a.

Fahimci mafi kyau abin da wadatar muhalli ke cikin labarin da muka yi kan haɓaka muhalli ga kuliyoyi. A cikin bidiyon da ke ƙasa, zaku iya samun nasihu kan yadda ake kula da wani hamster, wanda abin takaici shine ɗayan dabbobin da aka fi amfani da su don gwajin dakin gwaje -gwaje a duniya. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar dabbar a matsayin dabbar gida:

Ribobi da fursunoni na Gwajin Dabbobi

Babban hasara na amfani da dabbobi a cikin gwaji shine ainihin amfani da dabbobi, yuwuwar illar da aka yi musu da ciwon jiki da na ruhi wanda zai iya wahala. Yin watsi da cikakken amfani da dabbobin gwaji ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu, don haka yakamata a sami ci gaba zuwa rage amfani da su tare da haɗa shi da wasu dabaru daban -daban kamar shirye -shiryen kwamfuta da amfani da kyallen takarda, da masu tsara manufofin caji. tsaurara dokokin wanda ke daidaita amfani da waɗannan dabbobin, ban da ci gaba da ƙirƙirar kwamitoci don tabbatar da kula da waɗannan dabbobin daidai da hana fasahohi masu raɗaɗi ko maimaita gwaje -gwajen da aka riga aka yi.

Dabbobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwaji ana amfani da su kama da mutane. Cututtukan da muke fama da su iri ɗaya ne da na su, don haka duk abin da aka yi mana nazarin shi ma ya shafi likitan dabbobi. Duk ci gaban likita da na dabbobi ba zai yiwu ba (abin takaici) ba tare da waɗannan dabbobin ba. Don haka, ya zama dole a ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin waɗancan ƙungiyoyin kimiyya waɗanda ke ba da shawarar ƙarshen, a nan gaba, gwajin dabbobi kuma, a halin yanzu, ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don dabbobin dakunan gwaje -gwaje. kada ku sha wahala.

Idan kuna son karanta ƙarin labarai makamantansu Gwajin dabbobi - Menene su, iri da madadin su,, muna ba da shawarar cewa ku shiga ɓangaren Curiosities na duniyar dabbobi.