Dabbobi Bipedal - Misalai da Halaye

Mawallafi: Peter Berry
Ranar Halitta: 13 Yuli 2021
Sabuntawa: 14 Nuwamba 2024
Anonim
Dabbobi Bipedal - Misalai da Halaye - Dabbobin Dabbobi
Dabbobi Bipedal - Misalai da Halaye - Dabbobin Dabbobi

Wadatacce

Lokacin da muke magana akan bipedalism ko bipedalism, nan da nan muna tunanin ɗan adam, kuma sau da yawa muna manta cewa akwai wasu dabbobin da suke tafiya ta wannan hanyar. A gefe guda, akwai birrai, dabbobin da ke juye -juyen halittu kusa da jinsin mu, amma gaskiyar ita ce akwai wasu dabbobin da ke bipedal waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da juna, ko mutane. Kuna son sanin menene su?

A cikin wannan labarin ta PeritoAnimal, za mu gaya muku menene dabbobin bipedal, ta yaya asalin su, waɗanne halaye suke rabawa, wasu misalai da sauran abubuwan sha'awa.

Menene dabbobi bipedal - Siffofin

Ana iya rarrabe dabbobi ta hanyoyi da yawa, ɗayan ɗayan yana dogara ne akan yanayin motsin su. Dangane da dabbobin ƙasa, suna iya motsawa daga wannan wuri zuwa wani ta hanyar tashi, rarrafe ko amfani da ƙafafunsu. Dabbobi masu biped sune waɗanda yi amfani da ƙafafunsu guda biyu kawai don motsawa. A cikin tarihin juyin halitta, nau'o'i daban -daban, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe, sun samo asali don ɗaukar wannan nau'in motsi, gami da dinosaur da mutane.


Bipedalism ana iya amfani dashi lokacin tafiya, gudu ko tsalle.Dabbobi daban -daban na dabbobin da ke da ƙafafu biyu suna iya samun wannan sigar locomotion a matsayin kawai yiwuwar su, ko kuma suna iya amfani da shi a takamaiman lokuta.

Bambanci tsakanin bipedal da quadrupedal dabbobi

yan hudu su ne wadancan dabbobin da motsa ta amfani da gabobi huɗu locomotives, yayin da bipeds ke motsawa ta amfani da gabobinsu na baya biyu kawai. Dangane da kasusuwan duwatsu na duniya, duk tetrapods ne, wato kakanninsu na kowa yana da gabobin locomotor guda huɗu. Koyaya, a wasu rukunin tetrapods, kamar tsuntsaye, membobin su biyu sun sami canji na juyin halitta kuma wannan ya haifar da motsi biyu.

Babban bambance -bambancen da ke tsakanin bipeds da quadrupeds sun dogara ne akan haɓaka da tsokoki na gabobin su. A cikin ninki huɗu, yawan tsokar ƙwanƙolin ƙafar ƙafa kusan kusan ninki biyu na tsokar tsoka. A cikin bipeds, wannan yanayin yana juyawa, yana sauƙaƙe tsayuwa.


Locomotion na bipedal yana da fa'idodi da yawa dangane da locomotion quadrupedal. A gefe guda, yana haɓaka filin gani, wanda ke ba da damar dabbobin bipedal su gano haɗari ko abin da za su iya ci a gaba. A gefe guda, yana ba da damar sakin ƙafar gaban, yana ba su damar yin motsi daban -daban. A ƙarshe, irin wannan locomotion ya ƙunshi madaidaiciyar tsayuwa, wanda ke ba da damar ƙara faɗaɗa huhu da haƙarƙarin haƙora yayin gudu ko tsalle, yana haifar da yawan iskar oxygen.

Asali da juyin halitta na bipedism

Gabobin locomotor sun haɓaka gaba ɗaya zuwa manyan rukunin dabbobi guda biyu: arthropods da tetrapods. Daga cikin tetrapods, yanayin quadruped shine mafi yawanci. Koyaya, motsin motsi bipedal, bi da bi, shima ya bayyana fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin juyin halittar dabbobi, a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban -daban, kuma ba lallai bane ta wata hanya mai alaƙa. Ana samun irin wannan locomotion a cikin dabbobin daji, dinosaur, tsuntsaye, tsalle -tsalle marsupials, tsalle dabbobi masu shayarwa, kwari da kadangare.


Akwai dalilai guda uku ana ɗauka a matsayin babban alhakin bayyanar bipedism kuma, sakamakon haka, na bipedal dabbobi:

  • Bukatar sauri.
  • Fa'idar samun membobi biyu kyauta.
  • Daidaitawa zuwa jirgi.

Yayin da sauri ke ƙaruwa, girman gindin na baya yana ƙaruwa idan aka kwatanta da na gaba, yana haifar da matakan da gabobin baya ke samarwa ya fi na gaba. A wannan ma'anar, a cikin saurin gudu, gabobin gaba na iya zama cikas ga hanzari.

dinosaur biped

Dangane da dinosaurs, an yi imanin cewa halin kowa shine bipedalism, kuma motsi daga baya ya sake bayyana a wasu nau'in. Duk tetrapods, ƙungiyar da dinosaurs da tsuntsaye ke ciki, sun kasance bipedal. Ta wannan hanyar, zamu iya cewa dinosaurs sune dabbobin bipedal na farko.

Juyin Halitta

Bipedism kuma ya bayyana a kan wani zaɓi bisa ga wasu kadangaru. A cikin waɗannan nau'in, motsi da ke haifar da ɗaga kai da gangar jikin sakamakon hanzari ne na gaba haɗe da ja da baya na tsakiyar taro na jiki, saboda, alal misali, zuwa tsayin wutsiya.

A gefe guda, an yi imani da hakan daga cikin dabbobin daji bipedism ya bayyana shekaru miliyan 11.6 da suka gabata a matsayin karbuwa ga rayuwa a bishiyoyi. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, wannan halayyar zata taso a cikin nau'in. Danuvius Guggenmosi cewa, sabanin orangutan da gibbon, waɗanda ke amfani da hannayensu da yawa don motsi, suna da gabobin bayansu waɗanda aka daidaita su kuma sune babban tsarin locomotor ɗin su.

A ƙarshe, tsalle shine yanayin motsi da sauri da ingantaccen kuzari, kuma ya bayyana fiye da sau ɗaya tsakanin masu shayarwa, wanda ke da alaƙa da bipedalism. Tsallake kan manyan kafafu na baya suna samar da fa'idar makamashi ta hanyar adana ƙarfin kuzari.

A duk waɗannan dalilan, bipedalism da madaidaicin matsayi sun fito azaman nau'in juyin halitta a cikin wasu nau'ikan don tabbatar da rayuwarsu.

Misalan dabbobin bipedal da halayensu

Bayan bitar ma’anar dabbobin da ke da ƙafafu biyu, ganin bambance -bambancen da dabbobin huɗu huɗu da yadda wannan nau'in motsi ya samo asali, lokaci ya yi da za a san wasu daga cikin fitattun misalan dabbobin bipedal:

Mutum (homo sapiens)

Dangane da mutane, an yi imanin cewa an zaɓi bipedism galibi azaman karbuwa ga hannayen hannu gaba ɗaya don samun abinci. Tare da hannun hannu, halayen ƙirƙirar kayan aikin ya zama mai yiwuwa.

Jikin ɗan adam, gaba ɗaya a tsaye kuma tare da ƙaƙƙarfan motsi biyu, an yi kwaskwarimar gyare -gyaren juyin halitta har ya kai ga halin da yake ciki. Ƙafãfunsu ba sassan jiki ba ne da za a iya sarrafa su su zama tsayayyun tsari. Wannan ya faru ne daga haɗewar wasu ƙasusuwa, canje -canje a girman girman wasu da bayyanar tsokoki da jijiyoyi. Bugu da ƙari, ƙashin ƙugu ya faɗaɗa kuma gwiwoyi da idon sawu sun daidaita a ƙarƙashin tsakiyar nauyi na jiki. A gefe guda, gindin gwiwa ya sami damar juyawa da kullewa gaba ɗaya, yana barin ƙafafun su kasance a tsaye na dogon lokaci ba tare da haifar da tashin hankali da yawa a cikin tsokoki na bayan gida ba. A ƙarshe, kirjin ya taƙaice daga gaba zuwa baya kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa ɓangarorin.

Tsalle Hare (capensis kafa)

wannan furci Tsawon 40 cm yana da wutsiya da dogayen kunnuwa, halayen da ke tunatar da mu kura, ko da yake ba shi da alaƙa da su a zahiri. Gaban gabansa gajere ne sosai, amma gindin bayansa yana da tsawo kuma yana da ƙarfi, kuma yana tafiya cikin diddige. Idan akwai matsala, zai iya tsallake tsakanin mita biyu zuwa uku a tsalle guda.

Red kangaroo (Rufin Macropus)

Yana da babbar marsupial data kasance da wani misalin dabbar da ke bipedal. Wadannan dabbobin ba sa iya motsawa game da tafiya, kuma suna iya yin hakan ta hanyar tsalle. Suna yin tsalle -tsalle ta amfani da kafafuwan baya guda biyu a lokaci guda, kuma suna iya kaiwa da sauri har zuwa 50 km/h.

Eudibamus cursoris

Yana da na farko masu rarrafe inda aka lura da motsin bipedal. Yanzu ya ƙare, amma ya rayu a ƙarshen Paleozoic. Yana da kusan 25 cm tsayi kuma yana tafiya akan ƙafar ƙafafunsa na baya.

Basilisk (Basiliscus Basiliscus)

Wasu kadangare, kamar basilisk, sun haɓaka ikon yin amfani da bipedalism a lokacin buƙata (zaɓi bipedalism na zaɓi). A cikin waɗannan nau'ikan, canje -canjen ilimin halittu suna da dabara. jikin wadannan dabbobin ya ci gaba da kula da daidaiton kwance da kusurwa huɗu. Daga cikin kadangaru, ana yin motsi bipo biyu musamman lokacin da suke tafiya zuwa wani ƙaramin abu kuma yana da fa'ida don samun filin gani mai fa'ida, maimakon lokacin da aka kai shi ga wani abu mai faɗi da yawa kuma wanda ba lallai bane a sanya shi a ido..

O Basiliscus Basiliscus tana iya gudu ta amfani da kafafuwanta na baya kawai kuma tana kaiwa da sauri har ta ba ta damar gudu cikin ruwa ba tare da nutsewa ba.

Jimina (Struthio raƙumi)

wannan tsuntsu shine dabba mafi sauri a duniya, gudun har zuwa 70 km/h. Ba wai kawai ita ce babbar tsuntsuwa da ke akwai ba, tana kuma da kafafu mafi tsayi don girmanta kuma tana da tsayin tsayi mafi tsayi yayin gudu: mita 5. Girman kafafuwansa gwargwadon jikinsa, da kuma yadda kasusuwan sa, tsokar sa da jijiyoyin sa, su ne sifofin da ke haifar da wannan dabbar a cikin doguwar tafiya da tsawa mai tsayi, wanda hakan ke haifar da mafi girman gudun sa.

Penguin na Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus)

Wannan tsuntsu yana da kumburin mahaifa a ƙafafunsa, kuma motsin sa na ƙasa a hankali kuma ba shi da inganci. Koyaya, ilimin halittar jikinsa yana da ƙirar hydrodynamic, yana kaiwa har zuwa 45 km/h lokacin iyo.

Kyankyasar Amurka (Periplanet na Amurka)

Kyankyasar Amurka kwari ne sabili da haka yana da ƙafafu shida (na ƙungiyar Hexapoda). An bambanta wannan nau'in musamman don motsi a cikin sauri, kuma ya haɓaka ikon motsi akan ƙafafu biyu, yana kaiwa saurin 1.3m/s, wanda yayi daidai da sau 40 na tsawon jikinsa a sakan.

An gano wannan nau'in yana da tsarin locomotion daban -daban dangane da yadda yake tafiya da sauri. A cikin ƙananan gudu, yana amfani da kayan tafiya, yana amfani da ƙafafunsa uku. A cikin manyan gudu (fiye da 1 m/s), yana gudana tare da jikin da aka ɗaga daga ƙasa, kuma tare da ɗaga gaba dangane da na baya. A cikin wannan yanayin, galibin jikin ku ne ke jagorantar ta dogayen kafafu na baya.

sauran dabbobin biped

Kamar yadda muka ce, akwai da yawa dabbobin da suke tafiya akan kafafu biyu, kuma a ƙasa muna nuna jerin tare da ƙarin misalai:

  • meerkats
  • chimpanzees
  • kaji
  • penguins
  • Docks
  • kangaroos
  • gorillas
  • birai
  • Gibbons

Idan kuna son karanta ƙarin labarai makamantansu Dabbobi Bipedal - Misalai da Halaye,, muna ba da shawarar cewa ku shiga ɓangaren Curiosities na duniyar dabbobi.